bones Flashcards
what are the functions of the skeletal system?
support, protection, leverage, storge of minerals and liquid, and blood cell production.
what are the five types of bone?
flat, long, short, irregular and sesamoid.
what are the properties of flat bones?
thin and protective plates, irregular shape. they protect internal organs such as the brain, heart and lungs.
what are examples of flat bones?
skull, sternum, ribs scapula and pelvis.
what are the properties of long bones?
support the weight of the body and facilitate movement. they are in arms and legs, examples are humorous, femur tibia and fibula.
what do the short bones do?
they are cube-shapes components of the wrist and ankle joints. carpals are wrist bones of the hand.
describe irregular bones
examples are vertebra. they have multiple functions
what are sesamoid bones?
bones within tendons. they alter muscle leverage and protect the tendon.
what is osseous tissue and what makes it?
osseous tissue is basic bone tissue and it is made by osteoblasts.
state
osteoblasts reside in periosteum and bone marrow. they build collagen (type one) scaffolding around itself combining with calcium, phosphate and magnesium to create a crystalised bone cell.
what do osteoblasts do?
create bone tissue
what do osteoclasts do
destroy and absorb one tissue. chemically guided to sites of micro fractures
what are osteocytes
the most common and permanent cells in bone. they control mechanisms for osteoblast/osteoclast activity. they are sensitive to mechanical stress.
how many bones are there in the adult skeleton?
206
what is located within the thoracic cavity?
the heart and lungs
state
The skeletal system is also the site of calcium and phosphorus storage and blood cell formation
Interactions between the s_____, m______ and n_____ move the body
skeleton, muscles, nerves
what is the axil skeleton made of?
the axil skeleton comprises of bones of the vertebral column, the thoracic cage, the skull and head region.
what is the difference between the appendicular skeleton and the axil skeleton?
Bones of the appendicular, skeleton, support and facilitate movement, what are bones of the axial skeleton protects internal organs. The Skeleton also stores and minerals such as calcium and produces red blood cells.
what is bone marrow?
soft tissue inside some bones.
what does yellow bone marrow consist of and where is it found?
mostly of fat and is found inside the medullary cavity of long bones.
what is produced in red bone marrow?
blood cells
where is red bone marrow located?
in networks of spongy bone tissue and found mainly in flat bones. it is located within the ends of long bones.
what is in the interior of a long bone?
Long bones consist of an outer layer of compact bone surrounding spongy bone, which in turn encloses a medullary cavity filled with bone marrow.
what are the different parts of the long bone?
A long bone consists of a shaft, or diaphysis, and an epiphysis at each end. Each epiphysis is covered with articular cartilage, and the diaphysis is covered by the periosteum.
Inside the bone is the medullary cavity, which contains yellow bone marrow and is surrounded by layers of spongy and compact bone tissue.
what is a osteon
compact bone tissue is organised into structural units called osteons. each osteon consists of concentric lamellae enclosing a central canal through which blood vessels pass.
state
Specialized cells in bone tissue perform functions that support the production, maintenance, and breakdown of bone
what are osteoclasts, osteoblasts, and osteocytes.
osteoclasts are large cells that secrete enzymes to break down bone matrix.
osteoblasts synthesise bone matrix.
osteocytes maintain bone tissue structure and sense bone health.
where does the development of flat bones happen?
The development of the skeleton’s flat bones begins as certain mesenchymal cells, at specific points within embryonic fibrous connective tissue, develop into osteoblasts.
how are flat bones of the skull formed?
Flat bones, like the bones of the skull, form through intramembranous ossification. These bones consist of two layer of compact bone enclosing an interior of spongy bone.
how do long bones develop?
Long bones, like the major bones of the limbs, develop through endochondral ossification.
what are the five types of fracture>
closed (simple), open (compound), greenstick, comminated, and impact.
what is a closed fracture?
A closed or simple fracture is a bone break beneath the skin.
what is an open fracture?
In open or compound fractures, the broken bone ends pierce the skin.
what is a greenstick fracture?
Greenstick fractures are partial breaks in a bone that occur as a result of bending.
what is a comminuted fracture?
Comminuted fractures occur when a bone is crushed into three or more pieces.
what is an impact fracture?
In impact fractures, one end of a broken bone is driven into the other end.
how is a bone repaired after a fracture?
A fractured bone bleeds. Bone repair begins, as over a period of hours blood at the fracture site clots and forms a hematoma. The healing begins as osteoclasts in the area remove dead bone tissue, while fibroblasts penetrate the area and build a fibrocartilaginous callus that bridges the broken bone. Over many weeks osteoblasts transform the callus into bone.
Continued remolding and the mechanical stress put on the bone creates and shapes new bone. Over a period of months or years the bone regains its original strength, shape and internal structure.
state
Bone stores calcium, which is necessary for the proper functioning of body systems. Hormones produced in the parathyroid and thyroid glands regulate the amount of calcium in the bloodstream.
state
In the skeletal system, cells called osteoclasts constantly remove old bone while osteoblasts generate new bone. When bone tissue is lost faster than generates, bones can weaken and break. Osteoporosis is a condition in which overall tissue loss within bones results in bone pain, tenderness and weakened and brittle bones.
