axil skeleton Flashcards
what does the axil skeleton consist of?
The axial skeleton consists of bones along the body’s long axis: the skull, larynx, vertebral column, and thoracic cage.
what two sections does the skull consist of?
the cranial bones and facial skeleton.
what is the cranium?
The cranium includes the bones of the skull that enclose and protect the brain
what are the facial bones?
The facial bones include all the bones located in the anterior portion of the skull that create the facial skeleton.
what are the eight cranial bones?
the occipital bone, parietal bones, temporal bones, frontal bone, sphenoid and ethmoid.
what are skull sutures?
Skull sutures are immobile joints where cranial bones are connected with dense fibroids tissue
what are the four major sutures?
The four major sutures are the lambdoid suture between the occipital and parental bones, the coronal suture between the frontal and parental bones, the sagittal suture between the two parental bones, and the squamous sutures between the temporal and parental bones.
state
Inside the Peru’s part of the temporal bone are the three smallest bones in the body: the malleus, incus, and stapes. These three bones articulate with each other and transfer vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the inter ear.
what is the hyoid?
The hyoid is typically categorised with the bones of the skull and is attached to it by muscles that move the tongue and larynx.
what does the vertebral column consist of?
Consists of the 24 vertebrae, the sacrum, and the coccyx.
The spinal cord passes from the forearm magnum of the skull through the vertebral canal within the spinal vertebral column.
what is the spinal cord protected by?
the spinal cord is protected by the meninges and enclosed in the vertebral canal, a hollow space inside the vertebrae
state
Spinal nerves, which form the majority of the peripheral nervous system, originate in the spinal cord. The dorsal roots arise from the posterior side, and the ventral roots arise from the anterior side. After leaving the vertebral column, the spinal nerves divide into rami, which branch to supply the body.
what do the ligaments of the spine do?
ligaments of the spine reinforce the vertebral column and stabilize intervertebral joints.
what do the ligaments of the spine do?
Ligaments of the spine reinforce and articulations of the vertebral column as the spine moves and bends.
The anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments connect the vertebral bodies and limit extension and flexion, respectively. Adjacent transverse processes are connected and supported by the intertransverse ligaments
what is the cervical spine?
includes the vertebrae of the neck and forms the cervical curve.
what is the thoracic spine?
includes the vertebrae of the thoracic region and forms the thoracic curve.
what is the lumbar spine?
includes the vertebrae of the lumbar region and forms the lumbar curve.
what is the sacral spine?
consists of the sacrum and coccyx.
what is the thoracic cage?
the thoracic cage, formed by the ribs and sternum, protects internal organs and gives attachment to muscles involved in representation and upper limb movement.
what is the sternum?
consists of the manubrium, body of the sternum and xiphoid process.
what ribs are trye ribs and what ribs are false ribs?
ribs 1-7 are called true ribs because they articulate directly to the sternum, while ribs 8-12 are known as false ribs.
what are stress fractures a result of?
Result of repetitive abnormal loads over short periods of time on normal bone, or as fatigue fractures.
These loads cause micro-damage to the bone (at a greater rate than can be restored), ultimately leading to fracture.
what are the three types of stress fracture?
Fatigue reaction stress fractures, Insufficiency reaction stress fractures, and Atypical fractures
what is a fatigue reaction stress fracture?
these occur when normal bone is subjected to extensive strain.
what is an insufficiency reaction stress fracture?
these occur when normal stress is applied to a bone that has impaired bone formation.
what is an atypical fracture?
these are a type of stress fracture where biological activity for fracture healing is absent.
