brain and spinal cord

Question 1

what does the brain receive sensory input from?

Answer 1

the spinal cord

Question 2

what are the four major regions of the brain?

Answer 2

the cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus) and brain stem (midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata).

Question 3

what are the ventricles filled with?

Answer 3

cerebrospinal fluid

Question 4

where is cerebral fluid produced?

Answer 4

in the choroid plexus of each ventricle, and flows downward through the ventricular system from the lateral ventricle into the spinal cord.

Question 5

what does the cerebrospinal fluid do?

Answer 5

supports the central nervous system by absorbing impacts and exchanging nutrients and waste with the bloodstream. CSF circulates through the ventricles and into the meninges and spinal cord.

Question 6

state

Answer 6

lateral ventricles are located in each cerebral hemisphere. The lateral ventricles are separated by a thin membrane, the septum pellucidum and connected to the third ventricle in the diencephalon by the interventricular foramen. In the midbrain, the cerebral aqueduct links the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle which begins between pons and cerebellum. The fourth ventricle continues down into the medulla oblongata, eventually merging into the central canal of the spinal cord

Question 7

how does the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) support the central nervous system?

Answer 7

CSF supports the central nervous system by absorbing impacts and exchanging nutrients and waste with the bloodstream

Question 8

where is the CSF produced?

Answer 8

in choroid plexuses on the ventricle walls

Question 9

what does the brain stem consist of?

Answer 9

It consists of the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain

Question 10

what are meninges

Answer 10

the three layers of connective tissue that surround and protect the brain and spinal cord.

Question 11

how is blood supplied to the brain?

Answer 11

Blood is supplied to the brain through the internal carotid and vertebral arteries and drained through the dural venous sinuses and internal jugular vein.

Capillary walls in the brain and astrocytes that surround these capillaries form a blood-brain barrier that prevents harmful substances from entering brain tissue.

Question 12

what is the brain stem?

Answer 12

The region of the brain that is continuous with the spinal cord

Question 13

what does the brain stem consist of?

Answer 13

It consists of the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain

Question 14

state

Answer 14

Motor and sensory neurons that connect the CNS and the PNS pass through the brain stem

Question 15

what does the brain stem control?

Answer 15

The brain stem controls involuntary functions of the respiratory, digestive, and circulatory systems and contributes to hearing, balance and gustation.

Question 16

what do the medulla and pons contain that regulate autonomic functions such as respiration and heartbeat.

Answer 16

nuclei (a collection of neuron cell bodies in the CNS)

Question 17

state

Answer 17

the pons contain tracts and nuclei that link parts of the brain together.

Question 18

what does the midbrain control and what is it made of?

Answer 18

Contains nuclei, called colliculi, that control visual and auditory reflexes. It also contains nuclei for cranial nerves III and IV.

Question 19

what is the function of the cerebellum?

Answer 19

The region of the brain that fine tunes body movements and manages balance and posture.

it subconsciously evaluates body movement and sends signals to the cerebral cortex of the cerebrum to adjust skeletal muscles as needed.

Question 20

where is the cerebellum located?

Answer 20

posterior to the brain stem and inferior to the occipital lobe of the cerebrum

Question 21

what are the two lobes of the cerebellum?

Answer 21

the vermis, tracts of white matter called arbor vitae, and cerebellar peduncles that relay information to other parts of the brain

Question 22

what does the diencephalon consist of?

Answer 22

the hypothalamus, thalamus and epithalamus (composed mostly of the pineal gland and replated structures).

Question 23

what is the function of the thalamus?

Answer 23

plays a role in learning and memory.

Question 24

state

Answer 24

the thalamus consists of several nuclei that pass sensory information to different regions of the cerebral cortex.

Question 25

what determines what sensory information is important enough to send to the cerebral cortex to allow for conscious awareness of the sensory input.

Answer 25

the thalamus

Question 26

what regulates autonomic nervous functions, emotions and behaviour, food consumption, circadian rhythms, and body temperature.

Answer 26

the hypothalamus

Question 27

what do the hormones that the hypothalamus produce influence?

Answer 27

influence the pituitary gland and regulate endocrine functions.

Question 28

what is the pituitary gland?

Answer 28

Is an endocrine gland functionally linked to the hypothalamus. Hormones secreted by the hypothalamus activate hormone secretion by the pituitary. These hormones drive endocrine functions by targeting glands and tissues.

Question 29

limbic system

Answer 29

Includes a number of structures located above the diencephalon that create a functional classification of the brain. Limbic structures are associated with emotions, smell and memory.

Question 30

what is the cerebrum region of the brain responsible for?

Answer 30

Region of the brain responsible for higher intellectual functions and conscious though

Question 31

what does the cerebral cortex process?

Answer 31

The cerebral cortex processes sensory and motor information, and the basal ganglia coordinate learned movement.

Question 32

The cerebral cortex, the outermost part of the cerebrum, consists of a left and right hemisphere. what does each hemisphere consist of?

Answer 32

Each cerebral hemisphere consists of a frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital lobe.

Question 33

state

Answer 33

The cerebral cortex folds into gyri, which are separated by grooves called sulci.

Question 34

what are basal ganglia?

Answer 34

they are nuclei inside the cerebrum that influence body movement and muscle tone.

Question 35

what part of the cerebral cortex are motor signals transmitted from?

Answer 35

the anterior cortex

Question 36

what part of the cerebral cortex are sensory signals received and processed?

Answer 36

in the posterior regions of the cortex.

Question 37

what areas are responsible foe the complex coordination and integration of sensory and motor functions?

Answer 37

association areas

Question 38

state

Answer 38

Motor areas of the cerebral cortex are located in the frontal lobe and precentral gyrus. Sensory areas are located mainly posterior to the central sulci

Question 39

The left and right hemispheres are responsible for different functions. what is the left hemisphere typically responsible for?

Answer 39

for language and calculation

Question 40

The left and right hemispheres are responsible for different functions. what is the right hemisphere typically responsible for?

Answer 40

visual, emotional, and artistic awareness

Question 41

what does the peripheral nervous system coordinate?

Answer 41

The peripheral nervous system coordinates involuntary functions like heart rate and respiration. It controls voluntary and sensory functions, including the sensation of special sensory information

Question 42

state

Answer 42

All nerves involved in the voluntary control of skeletal muscles are part of the somatic system of the peripheral nervous system. Body functions that are mainly involuntary, and controlled by signals that pass from the brain to glands and organs throughout the body, are part of the autonomic systems of the peripheral nervous system

Question 43

what coordinate movement of skeletal muscles.

Answer 43

The basal ganglia and cerebellum coordinate movement of skeletal muscles.