Muscles

Question 1

structure of muscles

Answer 1

Sarcomere -> myofibril –> muscle fibres –> fasicles –> muscle bundle –> muscle
https://www.notion.so/Muscles-d0c95437dd9b4989a5ca10e39f9da9d4?pvs=4#8111b1bdd4c943b8b0934366d96132b2

Question 2

actin vs myosin

Answer 2

Two types
of protein filaments

Actin vs mysoin : thin filament vs thick filament

Question 3

skeletal location

Answer 3

attached to bones = voluntary movements

Question 4

skeletal structure

Answer 4

long cylindral fibres, has striations, multple nuclei located on the periphery of the fibre, blood vessels run along the gaps

Question 5

skeletal Functions

Answer 5

body movement, posture, producing heat

Question 6

smooth location

Answer 6

walls of organs, blood vessels and systems e.g respiratory and digestive

Question 7

smooth strucutre

Answer 7

spindle shaped cells with a single nucleus, no striations, gap junctions

Question 8

smooth Functions

Answer 8

involuntary movement (food during digestion), regulation of blood flow, breathing

Question 9

cardiac location

Answer 9

in the heart

Question 10

cardiac structure

Answer 10

branched cells, single nucleus, striations, connected by intercalated dics+gap junctions

Question 11

cardiac function

Answer 11

pumps blood, rhythmic contractions of the heart

Question 12

can smooth muscle control own contractile activity?

Answer 12

YES, involuntary

smooth muscle cells have own electrical and contractile abilities so can contract by themselves

can trigger Ca ions by themselves to contract without the use of nerves

Question 13

can cardiac muscle control own contractile activity?

Answer 13

YES, involuntary

Similar to smooth cells

The cells are connected by intercalated discs (specialised junctions) so the cells contractions are coordinated`

Question 14

can skeletal muscle control own contractile activity?

Answer 14

NO
Voluntary

Question 15

what is cross bridge cyclcing

Answer 15

1. Cross bridge : myosin head binds to the actin filament (attached, bridge)
2. Power stroke : mysoin head changes, pulls actin towards M line (centre of sarcomere)—> shortens muscle fibre
3. Cross bridge detachement : ATP binds to mysoin head, detaches
4. Reactivation : the energy used to hydrolyse ATP —> ADP +Pi makes the myosin head bind to the actin filament again

Question 16

what is myoglobin and the differences in its levels in fast twitch/slow twtich

Answer 16

*myoglobin : protein in muscle tissue used for binding and storing O2

—> provide O2
slow has high; fast has low

Question 17

nervous system + muscles

Answer 17

controls muscle movement / sensory receptors in muscle can send signals to brain

Question 18

Cardiovascular system + muscles

Answer 18

provides oxygen and nutrients for respiration/ blood vessels for homeostasis (temp, metabolic demands)

Question 19

Respiratory system + muscles

Answer 19

provides O2 for muscle&bone function/ exercise

Question 20

Digestive system + muscles

Answer 20

Provides nutrients for growth&maintenance of muscle&bones tissue/ Ca for health, protein for growth&repair

Question 21

Endocrine system + muscles

Answer 21

hormones for muscle growth/metabolism etc e.g growth homrone, testosteron and estrogen

Question 22

How can muscle hypertrophy be impacted by training

Answer 22

(increase and growth of muscle cells)

resistance training, stimulated to make larger muscles

Question 23

strength training effect

Answer 23

resistance training : increase no. of muscle fibres

Question 24

flexibility training effec

Answer 24

Stretching and mobility training

making it easier to move through a full range of motion.

reduce the risk of injury.

Question 25

coordination training effect

Answer 25

balance/ coordination e.g yoga, martial arts

improving neuromuscular communication.

Question 26

sprinter vs marathon runner

Answer 26

Elite sprinter has a greater proportion of type 11 twitch (Fast twitch) muscle fibre : greater muscle mass
Marathon runner : type 1 twitch (slow twitch) muscle fibre, more lean