ADAPTIVE IS

Question 1

hall marks of the ADAPTIVE IS

Answer 1

produce lymphocytes and their products i.e antibodies
adapts to the prescence of the microbrial invaders
–> lymphocytes have receptors on their surface that can detect and recognise the different substances (= antigens) produced by microbes

• when recognises antigens, they expand and differentiate into effector or memory cells
  (so IMMUNE IS just does the same thing, phagocytosis. adaptive IS changes and adapts to the microbes)

–> can live long time, immunological memory

Question 2

types of lymphocytes

Answer 2

b lymphocytes (B cells) = B as they are from the bone marrow
T lymphocytes (T cells) = mature in the thymus

Question 3

thymus

Answer 3

T cells are made in the bone marrow and then mature in the thymus
learn how to distinguish between self and foreign substances

Question 4

humoral immunity

Answer 4

B lymphocytes secrete their antibodies to attach to the microbes and elimiate them to prevent infections

Question 5

cell mediated immunity

Answer 5

Helper T lymphocytes and cytotoxic T lymphocyte

Helper : help phagocytes to destroy the ingested microbes
ALSO help the specific antibodies for the B cells (=pathogens outside)

Cytotoxic T lymphocyte ( killer cells:
kill all cells with the particular microbes, pathogens INSIDE the cell, kills INFECTED cells

Question 6

helper T lymphocytes

Answer 6

Th cells
help other immune response
can also suppress or regulte the immune respsone (regulatory T cells)

Question 7

cytotoxic T lymphocytes

Answer 7

CTLs
get help from helper T cells (Th)
kill their target cells, highly specific
used in viral infections and anti-tumour immunity

bind to the infected cells, and release its cytotoxic granules which can cause apoptosis in the cancer cell

Question 8

immunological tolerance

Answer 8

a system to detemine which lymphocytes should be allowed to survive

two types of tolerance
1) central : found inprimary lymphoid tissues (bone marrow and thymus)
2) peripheral : secondary lymphiod tissues

Lymphocytes that respond to self antigens are killed

failure of tolerance can cause autoimmune diseases

Question 9

autoimmune disease genetic factors

Answer 9

are caused by the genes responsible for T cell activiation and maintaining immunological tolerance
1) finding and destroying self-reactive lymphocytes and activity of regulatory cells
–> genes are inherited

Question 10

autoimmune disease environmental factors

Answer 10

preceded by an infection
more common in women (homrones?)
UV radiation etc

Question 11

autoimmune disease organ specifc

Answer 11

diabetes, MS, etc

Question 12

autoimmune disease organ systematic

Answer 12

rheumatoid arithitis etc, not one specific organ

Question 13

functions of all the aspects in immune response

Answer 13

T cell : pathogenic and is a helper T cell
B cell : make auto - antibodies
Antibody : pathogenic

Question 14

MS (multiple sclerosis

Answer 14

it causes demyelination and you need to have genes to be susceptible

Question 15

MS mechanism

Answer 15

normal : T cellsROLL, ADHERE, EXTRAVASCATE, MIGRATE
T cells are re activiated in the brain
B cells release its anitbodies
recognise the myelin and destroys it

there are drugs to control this but this can cause the lack of ones immunivty