extra Flashcards
grey matter and white matter in brain composition
grey matter arranged in layers called laminae on the superficial surface of the brain
white matter bundles (the axon fibres) form tracts that connects to the grey matter
grey matter and white matter in spinal cord composition
grey matter arranged in columns within the spinal cord
white matter bundles (the axon fibres) form tracts that connects to the grey matter
anatomy of sympathetic system
origiinates in the thoracolumbar (thoracic and lumbar) sections of the spinal cord
anatomy of parasympathetic system
from the brainstem and the sacral sections of the spinal cord
corpus callsom
connects the right and left hemisphere
regulator of of cardiac, smooth and skeletal
troponin, calmodullin, troponin
relationship of of cardiac, smooth and skeletal
in unison, in unison, independent from other muscle fibres
linkage of of cardiac, smooth and skeletal
linked, linked, not linked
relationsh
Ca source of of cardiac, smooth and skeletal
intracellular, both intracellular and extracelluar, intracellular
origin of osteoblasts and osteoclasts
mesenchymal and haematopoeitic
they function through [phosphatase]
osteoblasts and osteoclasts
alkaline and acid
cortical bone and cancellous bone activity comparison
low and high
cortical bone and cancellous bone activity composition
80% and 20%
bone remodelling mechanism
microfracture forms during physcial stress
haemapoeitic stem cells –> pre osteoclasts –> osteoclasts
osteoclasts reabsorb the bone, leaving a reabsorption pit
mesenchymal stem cells –> pre osteoblasts arrive to the reabsorption pit
pre osteoblasts differentiate into osteoblasts to deposit collagen and mineralise it by depositing hydroxyapatite
osteoblasts mature into osteocytes which remain in the bone and maintain the bone integrity (can control the activity of osteoclasts and osteoblasts)
spleen role in immunity
filters antigens in the blood
contains lymphocytes and phagocytes to recognise, become activated and respond to foreign substanes in the blood
lymph nodes role in immunity
filters antigens in the non-blood tisses
contains lymphocytes and phagocytes to recognise, become activated and respond to foreign substanes in the tissues
mucousal associated lymhoid tissue (MALT) nodes role in immunity
filters antigens in the non-blood tisses
contains lymphocytes and phagocytes to recognise, become activated and respond to foreign substanes in the tissues
blood vessel role in immunity
transports the immune cells throughout the body, to the sites of infection and inflammation
how does macrophages and neutrophils act?
engulf pathogens, debris
release cytokines and chemicals and enzymes to break down pathogesn
mast cels
release histamine and other chemicals in repsonse to pathogens and allergens
eoisonphil
exocytes
releases chemicals and cytokines to attract phagoctyes to attack pathogens
role of Histamine, antibodies, chemokines, and cytokines
histamine : increases blood vessel permeability to leak the plasma and components in the blood
antibodies : binds to specifc antigens to break them down
cytokines : signalling molecule / stimulate an immune response
chemokinds : atttracts immune cells to inflammation sites
immunological tolerance
a process by which the immune system learns to recognise and tolerate self-antigens while still executing an effective immune response
central tolerance
occurs in the thymus and bone marrow
during the development of T
cells and B cells, respectively.
during this process,any T or B cells that recognise self anitgens and responds is elimitated by a process called negative selection
the T cells and B cells that leave the thymys and blood marrow should all have the ability to distinguish between self and foreign atnigens
peripheral tolerance
this occurs outside the blood marrow and thymus using a variety of mechanisms, e.g T-regulatory cells to prevent self reactive cells to hurt the body
