extra

Question 1

grey matter and white matter in brain composition

Answer 1

grey matter arranged in layers called laminae on the superficial surface of the brain

white matter bundles (the axon fibres) form tracts that connects to the grey matter

Question 2

grey matter and white matter in spinal cord composition

Answer 2

grey matter arranged in columns within the spinal cord

white matter bundles (the axon fibres) form tracts that connects to the grey matter

Question 3

anatomy of sympathetic system

Answer 3

origiinates in the thoracolumbar (thoracic and lumbar) sections of the spinal cord

Question 4

anatomy of parasympathetic system

Answer 4

from the brainstem and the sacral sections of the spinal cord

Question 5

corpus callsom

Answer 5

connects the right and left hemisphere

Question 6

regulator of of cardiac, smooth and skeletal

Answer 6

troponin, calmodullin, troponin

Question 7

relationship of of cardiac, smooth and skeletal

Answer 7

in unison, in unison, independent from other muscle fibres

Question 8

linkage of of cardiac, smooth and skeletal

Answer 8

linked, linked, not linked

Question 9

relationsh

Question 10

Ca source of of cardiac, smooth and skeletal

Answer 10

intracellular, both intracellular and extracelluar, intracellular

Question 11

origin of osteoblasts and osteoclasts

Answer 11

mesenchymal and haematopoeitic

Question 12

they function through [phosphatase]
osteoblasts and osteoclasts

Answer 12

alkaline and acid

Question 13

cortical bone and cancellous bone activity comparison

Answer 13

low and high

Question 14

cortical bone and cancellous bone activity composition

Answer 14

80% and 20%

Question 15

bone remodelling mechanism

Answer 15

microfracture forms during physcial stress
haemapoeitic stem cells –> pre osteoclasts –> osteoclasts

osteoclasts reabsorb the bone, leaving a reabsorption pit
mesenchymal stem cells –> pre osteoblasts arrive to the reabsorption pit
pre osteoblasts differentiate into osteoblasts to deposit collagen and mineralise it by depositing hydroxyapatite

osteoblasts mature into osteocytes which remain in the bone and maintain the bone integrity (can control the activity of osteoclasts and osteoblasts)

Question 16

spleen role in immunity

Answer 16

filters antigens in the blood
contains lymphocytes and phagocytes to recognise, become activated and respond to foreign substanes in the blood

Question 17

lymph nodes role in immunity

Answer 17

filters antigens in the non-blood tisses
contains lymphocytes and phagocytes to recognise, become activated and respond to foreign substanes in the tissues

Question 18

mucousal associated lymhoid tissue (MALT) nodes role in immunity

Answer 18

filters antigens in the non-blood tisses
contains lymphocytes and phagocytes to recognise, become activated and respond to foreign substanes in the tissues

Question 19

blood vessel role in immunity

Answer 19

transports the immune cells throughout the body, to the sites of infection and inflammation

Question 20

how does macrophages and neutrophils act?

Answer 20

engulf pathogens, debris
release cytokines and chemicals and enzymes to break down pathogesn

Question 21

mast cels

Answer 21

release histamine and other chemicals in repsonse to pathogens and allergens

Question 22

eoisonphil

Answer 22

exocytes
releases chemicals and cytokines to attract phagoctyes to attack pathogens

Question 23

role of Histamine, antibodies, chemokines, and cytokines

Answer 23

histamine : increases blood vessel permeability to leak the plasma and components in the blood
antibodies : binds to specifc antigens to break them down
cytokines : signalling molecule / stimulate an immune response
chemokinds : atttracts immune cells to inflammation sites

Question 24

immunological tolerance

Answer 24

a process by which the immune system learns to recognise and tolerate self-antigens while still executing an effective immune response

Question 25

central tolerance

Answer 25

occurs in the thymus and bone marrow
during the development of T
cells and B cells, respectively.

during this process,any T or B cells that recognise self anitgens and responds is elimitated by a process called negative selection

the T cells and B cells that leave the thymys and blood marrow should all have the ability to distinguish between self and foreign atnigens

Question 26

peripheral tolerance

Answer 26

this occurs outside the blood marrow and thymus using a variety of mechanisms, e.g T-regulatory cells to prevent self reactive cells to hurt the body