Making egg and sperm

Question 1

metaphase diff between mei and mit

Answer 1

mit : single chromosomes line up along the equator
mei : first bivalents line up, then the single chromosomes line up

Question 2

female reproductive system

Answer 2

ovaries suspended by ligaments in the peritoneal cavity

fimbriae : extneded part of the fallopian tube and directs the ovum(egg/oocyte) into fallopium tube

uterus –> cervix –> vagine –> vulva

Question 3

fimbriae

Answer 3

finger like projections of the fallopian tube and captures the oocytes/eggs/ovum from the ovaries to the fallopian tube
covered by cilia which sweeps the ooctyes up the oviduct into the uterus

Question 4

oocytes

Answer 4

eggs/ ovum

Question 5

fallopian tube

Answer 5

oviduct or also called uterine tubef

Question 6

where does fertilisation generally occue

Answer 6

near the top third part of the fallopian tube where sperm and egg fertilise

Question 7

male reproductive system

Answer 7

testis located IN the scrotum
epididymus is located within the scrotum and attached to the posterior side of testicles.
sperm produced in testis, matured in the epididymus and then released in vas deferens during ejaculation. and then passes into the uretha

Question 8

scrotum

Answer 8

regulates the temperature of the testis

Question 9

testis

Answer 9

where sperm is produced, site of spermatogenesis

Question 10

ovaries

Answer 10

eggs are produced, site of oogenesis

Question 11

epididymus

Answer 11

is where sperm completes maturation after they’re producted in the testes

Question 12

vas deferens

Answer 12

about 45cm, where sperm ejaculates, helps sperm by peristaltic movement, propels sperm
joins up with the seminal vesicle, just before it enters the prostate gland

Question 13

uretha

Answer 13

males are 12cm, and women’s are 2-3 cm which is why women are more likely bladder infections e.g UTI

Question 14

seminal vesicles

Answer 14

also called seminal glands that secretes a thick alklaine fluid that includes
prostaglandin
—> stimulate mobiloty of the sperm
fructose
–> nutrient resource for the sperm
clotting agents
—> coagulates semen before ejaculation
(temporary clotting process, prevents sperm from dehydrating)

Question 15

prostate gland function

Answer 15

prostatic fluid contains citric acid
–> stimulates ATP production in sperm
proteolytic enzymes
–> eventually breakdown clotting agents in semen to keep sperm to continue to swim

Question 16

bulbourethral (cowper’s) glands

(3rd)

Answer 16

mucous
–> protects the sperm from the acidic environment (urine) by lubricating the urethra and when leaving penis
alklaine fluid : neutralise urethra and also the vagina

Question 17

semen sites composition

Answer 17

60% seminal vesicle
30% prostate
5% testes
5% bulbourethral glands

Question 18

spermatogenesis

Answer 18

seminiferous tubules (located within testes)
spermatagonia
–mitosis–>
primary spermatocyte
– meiosis –>
secondary spermatocyte (haploid)
–meiosis 2 –> spermatids
–differentiation
–> sperm cells (spermatoza)
spermatids need to mature (into the epididymis)

Question 19

seminiferous tubules

Answer 19

seminiferous tubules are in the testes: 2 types of cells
–> germ cells : develop into spermocytes (–>undergo mitosis and meiosis and differeintiate to make sperm) e.g. spermatogonia
–> sertoli cells : nourish/nurse developing germ cells

Question 20

sperm cell structure

Answer 20

head : nucleus + acrosome (enzymes to penetrate the egg/oocyte)
mitochrondia : product ATP to power the tail

Question 21

oogenesis

Answer 21

oogonia ( first step)
–> primordial follicle (oocyte + surrounding granulosa cells)
at puberty, start meiosis and stop at prophase 1
= some primordial follicles start to differentiate primary follicles = layer of granulosa cells thickens and primary oocyte gets bigger = zone pellucida forms around the primary oocyte (important for fertilisation and prevent for more than one sperm penetrating)
–> primary follicles develops into a secondary follicle during the menstrual cycle = an outer layer called theca is formed and granulosa cells start to secrete a fluid to form a cavity within the follicle
–> before ovulation, secondary follicles will develop into a graafiene follicle (still a primary oocyte so still stuck in prophase 1
–> they complete meiosis one and form a secondary oocyte (haploid) and completes meiosis 2 if fertilised

secondary oocyte is released and the structure that remains inthe ovaries is called the corpus luteam

Question 22

corpus luteam

Answer 22

important in regulatin the progesterone
(thickening uterus wall and nourishes of the embryo and can regulate the menstrual cycle

continues secreting progesterone whiel the placenta is developing which is called the first trimester of gestation (3 months) and then slowly degenerate but degenerates much quickly if no fertilisation

Question 23

hormones in male before puberty

Answer 23

hypothalamus and anterior pituitary before puberty are immature
interstitiual cells are the ones that are around the seminiferous tubules = they secrete testosterone
testosterone has an inhibitory effect on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

Question 24

hormones in female before puberty

Answer 24

ovaries secrete oestrogen and progesterone, inhibitory effect on hypothalamus and anterior pituuitary gland

Question 25

hormones in male during puberty

Answer 25

during puberty, hypothalamus and anterior pitruaty no longer inhibited:
hypothalamus releases the gonadotropin releasing hormones (GnRH)
–> stimulates the secretion of luteinising hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating homrone (FSH) in the anterioir pituitary gland

these hormones stimulate the interstitual cells (which secretes testosterone) and sertoli cells (mainly feed the developing germ/sperm cells) to mature

male characteristics develop

Question 26

hormones in female during pubert

Answer 26

hypothalamus and anterior pituitary mature, no longer inhibited, serete GnRH and stimulate the production of LH and FSH

LH : regulates ovulation, thats when the secondary oocyte is released
FSH : takes oocyte from primary oocyte to secondary oocyte

female characteristics develop