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Science for Med Revision > Muscles 1 > Flashcards

Muscles 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

3 types of muscle?

A
  • Skeletal
  • Cardiac
  • Smooth
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2
Q

2 examples of skeletal muscle?

A
  • Voluntary muscles

- Diaphragm

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3
Q

2 examples of places in the body you would find smooth muscle?

A
  • Blood vessels
  • Sphincters
  • Airways
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4
Q

Another name for a skeletal muscle cell?

A

Muscle fibre

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5
Q

What are skeletal muscle cells formed from in utero?

A

Myoblasts

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6
Q

How do you identify skeletal muscle in histology?

A
  • Striated
  • Multinucleate
  • Nuclei pushed to edges of the cell
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7
Q

Are skeletal muscles able to repair?

A

Not well at all

Myoblasts do not replace damaged muscle

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8
Q

What 2 ways can skeletal muscle try to repair itself?

A
  • Satellite cells replace damaged ones to form new muscle fibres
  • Surrounding muscle fibres undergo hypertrophy
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9
Q

How does smooth muscle repair?

A

Can divide very easily

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10
Q

What encircles muscle fibres?

A

Areolar connective tissue

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11
Q

How are muscles attached to bone?

A

Tendons

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12
Q

How does blood reach the muscle in the centre of the muscle?

A

Deep penetrating vessels

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13
Q

What is the Z line

A

Border between one repeating unit (sarcomere) and another

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14
Q

What does titin ensure?

A

Myosin is always surrounded by actin on six sides

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15
Q

How is myosin energised to allow quick on demand contraction?

A

ATP constantly hydrolysed to ADP and Pi on the myosin head

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16
Q

What proteins are attached to actin?

A

Troponin

Tropomyosin

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17
Q

What does tropomyosin do?

A

Blocks myosin binding sites

18
Q

What does troponin do?

A

Holds tropomyosin in place

19
Q

How does calcium reveal myosin binding sites?

A
  • Binds to troponin

- Troponin twists and moves the tropomyosin

20
Q

Where is calcium stored in the muscle fibre

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

21
Q

Role of transverse tubes in muscle?

A

Propegating electrical signals into muscle core

22
Q

What do transverse tubes allow the muscle to do?

A

Uniform contraction

23
Q

What is the combination of a nerve and a muscle called?

A

Motor unit

24
Q

If a motor unit is damaged why don’t you lose the function of the muscle?

A

There are multiple motor units for a single muscle

25
Q

What is tension?

A

Force exerted by a muscle

26
Q

What is load

A

Force exerted on the muscle

27
Q

What is harder as the load increases?

A
  • Fast contraction

- Generation of the required tension

28
Q

What is isometric contraction

A

Contraction without shortening of the fibre

29
Q

What is isotonic contraction?

A

Contraction with shortening of the fibre

30
Q

What is lengthening contraction?

A

Contraction with lengthening of the fibre

31
Q

What is a twitch response?

A

A contraction produced by a single action potential

32
Q

How much longer is twitch than an AP?

A

About 100 times longer

33
Q

What does the fact that twitch is so much longer allow?

A

Contraction to be sustained for longer

34
Q

If the time between AP’s is short what happens with the contractions?

A

They summate

35
Q

What is tetanus with regards to muscle?

A

A sustained level of tension in any muscle fibre

36
Q

What is unfused tetanus?

A

Contraction fluctuates over a period of time

37
Q

What is fused tetanus?

A

Contraction is sustained over a long period of time

38
Q

Why do we fatigue?

A

Stops fused tetanus from happening constantly and means that calcium levels aren’t constantly high in the cell

39
Q

What is the length tension relationship

A

The optimum length of a muscle fibre that produces the strongest contraction

40
Q

What does the agonist/antagonist relationship of skeletal muscles allow?

A

Increased manoeuvrability

Science for Med Revision (29 decks)

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