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Tissues BDS1 > Muscle Tissues > Flashcards

Muscle Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle?

A

skeletal, cardiac and smooth

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2
Q

what is muscle tissue specialised for?

A

contraction/relaxation

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3
Q

what is the structure of skeletal muscle and what type of control is it under

A

striated and under voluntary control (somatic)

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4
Q

what is the structure of cardiac muscle and what control is it under?

A

striated and under involuntary control (autonomic)

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5
Q

what is the structure of smooth muscle and what control is it under?

A

non-striated and under involuntary control (autonomic)

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6
Q

what is skeletal muscle tissue like?

A

elongated cylindrical cells (muscle fibres)

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7
Q

where are the nuclei located on skeletal muscle tissue?

A

multiple nuclei peripherally located

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8
Q

where is skeletal muscle found?

A

attached to the skeleton

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9
Q

what is the function of skeletal muscle?

A

voluntary movement of skeleton, subconscious movement e.g. balance/posture

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10
Q

what are skeletal muscles composed of?

A

skeletal muscle tissue, nervous tissue, blood vessels and connective tissues

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11
Q

what do the blood vessels in skeletal muscle do?

A

deliver metabolites

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12
Q

what do connective tissues in skeletal muscle do?

A

add strength and support and help contraction of muscle

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13
Q

what is an epimysium?

A

dense connective tissue surround the whole muscle

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14
Q

what separates individual skeletal muscle fibres?

A

endomysium

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15
Q

what are groups of skeletal muscle cells grouped together in?

A

fasciculi

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16
Q

what is each fasciculi surround by?

A

loose connective tissue called perimysium

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17
Q

what surrounds the entire skeletal muscle?

A

dense connective tissues caled epimysium

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18
Q

what is each skeletal muscle cell packed full of?

A

myofibrils

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19
Q

why do skeletal muscle fibres appear striated?

A

the arrangement of myofibrils

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20
Q

what are myofilaments?

A

myofibrils composed of repeating protein units

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21
Q

histologically what are the dark bands seen in skeletal muscle?

A

myosin

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22
Q

histologically what are the light bands seen in skeletal muscle?

A

actin

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23
Q

what are sarcomeres?

A

contractile units of skeletal muscle

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24
Q

how do sarcomeres contract?

A

sliding filament mechanism - a conformational change causes the filaments to slide over each other causing the sarcomere to contract

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25
Q

what innervates skeletal muscle?

A

somatic motor neurons

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26
Q

what is a motor unit?

A

a single motor neuron together with all the muscle fibres

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27
Q

what do individual motor neurons do?

A

innervate several muscle fibres

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28
Q

what happens when somatic motor neurons innervate skeletal muscle?

A

neuronal action potential is converted to chemical messenger (acetylcholine) at neuromuscular junction. detected by receptors on muscle fibres. stimulates action potential in muscle fibres

29
Q

what is a sarcolemma?

A

specialised plasma membrane only in muscle cells

30
Q

what does a sarcolemma do?

A

invaginates into sarcoplasm to form membranous T tubules

31
Q

what do T tubules do?

A

interact with sarcoplasmic reticulum and wraps around myofibrils within the muscle cell

32
Q

how are muscular action potentials regulated?

A

the release of calcium by motor neuron stimulation

33
Q

what is the joint function of the sarcolemma and sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

support synchronous contraction of sarcomeres

34
Q

where is cardiac muscle found?

A

in the heart

35
Q

what is the function of cardiac muscle?

A

specialised for continuous autonomous contractions. pump blood through the cardiovascular system

36
Q

what is the structure of cardiac muscle?

A

elongated branched cylindrical cells

37
Q

comment on the location of the nuclei in cardiac muscle

A

one or two centrally located nuclei

38
Q

what is the appearance of cardiac muscle?

A

striated

39
Q

what are the 3 layers of the heart wall?

A

pericardium, myocardium and endocardium

40
Q

what is the pericardium?

A

outer supporting tissue layer

41
Q

what is the myocardium?

A

cardiac muscle tissue

42
Q

what is the endocardium?

A

single layer of endothelial cells

43
Q

what are individual cardiac muscle fibres surrounded by?

A

retivular connective tissues

44
Q

comment on the vascularity of cardiac muscle

A

there is a rich capillary network

45
Q

what are intercalated discs and what do they do?

A

specialised intercellular junctions that anchor adjacent cells together

46
Q

in what ways is cardiac muscle similar to skeletal muscle?

A

Identical arrangement of sarcomeres. Contain T tubules and sarcoplasmic reticulum. Numerous mitochondria. Glycogen and lipid granules. Contraction by sliding-filament mechanism.

47
Q

in what ways is cardiac muscle different to skeletal muscle?

A

cardiac muscle contraction is autonomous. SR slowly leaks Ca2+. Cardiac muscle has intercalated discs.

48
Q

what are modified cardiac muscle cells known as?

A

conducting system

49
Q

what is cardiac muscle modulated by?

A

external autonomic/hormonal stimuli

50
Q

where is the conducting system of the heart initiated?

A

the sinoatrial node (pacemaker cells)

51
Q

what does the conducting system do?

A

directs and conducts action potential within cardiac muscle

52
Q

where does the action potential travel to once it has reached the sinoatrial node?

A

the atrioventricular node

53
Q

what is the conducting system of the heart regulated by?

A

nerve cells interacting with every cardiac cell

54
Q

what do intercalated discs do?

A

help to send nerve signals from cell to cell

55
Q

what is the rate of inherent rhythm in the heart modulated by?

A

autonomic nervous stimulation and hormonal stimulation

56
Q

where is smooth muscle found?

A

lining hollow organs

57
Q

what is smooth muscle specialised for?

A

continuous contractions

58
Q

what is the function of smooth muscLE?

A

typically to propel lumen contents - peristalsis

59
Q

what is the structure of smooth muscle?

A

small elongated spindle-shaped cells with tapered ends

60
Q

comment on the location of the nuclei on smooth muscle

A

single centrally located nuclei

61
Q

are there striations in smooth muscle and why?

A

no because there are no sarcomeres

62
Q

what is peristalsis

A

movement of food through the GI tract

63
Q

what does the inner circular layer of smooth muscle do?

A

constricts lumen diameter

64
Q

what does the outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle do?

A

shortens length of muscle

65
Q

what does the parasympathetic nervous system do?

A

modulate intensity of peristalsis

66
Q

how are actin and mysoin arranged in smooth muscle?

A

criss-cross lattice

67
Q

what do focal densities do?

A

anchor actin and myosin in smooth muscle to cytoplasm and cell membrane

68
Q

when relaxed what does a smooth muscle cell look like?

A

elongated

69
Q

when contraction occurs what does a smooth muscle cell look like?

A

shortened and globular

Tissues BDS1 (10 decks)

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