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Tissues BDS1 > Endocrine and Exocrine Glands > Flashcards

Endocrine and Exocrine Glands Flashcards

1
Q

what are glands?

A

epithelial cells that produce secretions

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2
Q

what is the origin of glands?

A

ectodermal

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3
Q

what do endocrine glands do?

A

produce secretions released into surrounding interstitial fluid then enter the bloodstream

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4
Q

what secretions do endocrine glands produce?

A

hormones

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5
Q

where are endocrine glands?

A

part of epithelial surface such as lining of digestive tract OR in separate organs such as thyroid or pituitary glands

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6
Q

apart from producing secretions what is another function of endocrine glands

A

regulation of bodily functions and maintain homeostasis

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7
Q

what is an example of chronic secretion?

A

thyroxin

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8
Q

what is an example if episodic secretion?

A

insulin

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9
Q

what is an example of acute secretion?

A

cortisol/epinephrine

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10
Q

what is humoral regulation of hormone secretion and give an example

A

blood-borne molecules, e.g. high glucose levels stimulates insulin secretion

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11
Q

what is neural regulation of hormone secretion and give an example

A

neurons stimulate hormone production, e.g. sympathetic nervous system stimulates epinephrine

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12
Q

what is hormonal regulation of hormone secretion and give an example

A

hormone secretion stimulates another hormone to be secreted, e.g. hormones from pituitary gland stimulate testes to make testosterone

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13
Q

what are the 3 classes of hormones?

A

proteins and polypeptides, steroids, derivatives of amino acid tyrosine

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14
Q

where are proteins and polypeptide hormones found?

A

pancreas, parathyroid gland and are stored in cell

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15
Q

where are steroid hormones found?

A

adrenal cortex, ovaries and placenta. not stored

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16
Q

what are steroid hormones synthesised from?

A

cholesterol

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17
Q

where are derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine found?

A

adrenal medulla and thyroid

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18
Q

what are the main parts of the endocrine system?

A

hypothalamus, pituitary gland, parathyroid glands, thymus, adrenal glands, pineal gland, thyroid, pancreas, ovary and testes

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19
Q

what epithelium is in the thyroid gland?

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

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20
Q

where is the thyroid gland located?

A

in the trachea

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21
Q

what makes up the thyroid?

A

colloid, parafollicular cells, blood vessels and follicular cells

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22
Q

what hormones does the thyroid gland secrete?

A

thyroxine T4 and trio-iodothyronine T3

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23
Q

what hormone does the parathyroid gland secrete?

A

parathyroid hormone

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24
Q

what is the result of hyperparathyroidism?

A

lesions on the bone as a result of a benign tumour/other conditions/vitamin D deficiency

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25
Q

what acts on the osteoclasts?

A

the parathyroid hormone

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26
Q

what does calcitonin do?

A

decrease calcium level?

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27
Q

how does PTH affect calcium metabolism?

A

increases calcium level by activating osteoclasts which break down the bone and release calcium into the blood

28
Q

what do chief cells do?

A

synthesise and secrete PTH

29
Q

what are oxyphil cells?

A

transitional form of chief cells

30
Q

what do oxyphil cells contain?

A

numerous mitochondria

31
Q

how are exocrine glands classified?

A

by structure or by method of secretion

32
Q

where are secretions from the exocrine glands released?

A

through ducts that open onto the epithelial surface

33
Q

what are the two structures of exocrine glands?

A

unicellular glands and multicellular glands

34
Q

what are secretory sheets?

A

simplest of multicellular glands

35
Q

what are complex multicellular glands?

A

pockets of gland cells set back from epithelial surface

36
Q

where are simple tubular glands found?

A

stomach and colon

37
Q

where are simple branched tubular glands found?

A

lower portion of stomach

38
Q

where are simple coiled tubular glands found?

A

lower portion of stomach and small intestine

39
Q

where are simple acinar glands found?

A

sebaceous glands of skin

40
Q

where are simple branched acinar glands found?

A

sebaceous glands of skin

41
Q

where are compound tubular glands found?

A

mucous glands of duodenum

42
Q

where are compound acinar glands found?

A

mammary glands

43
Q

where are compound tubuloacinar glands found?

A

pancreas

44
Q

what is a merocrine gland and what is an example of the types of gland that they are?

A

there are vesicles containing secretory products which release contents into duct and secretion occurs in the duct. example - SALIVARY GLANDS

45
Q

what is an apocrine gland and what is an example of the type of glands they are?

A

secretory products are stored in the cell and there are pinched off portions of the cell in the secretion. example - MAMMARY GLANDS

46
Q

what is a holocrine gland and what is an example of the type of glands they are?

A

cells are shed into the duct, replacement shells lie behind the shed cells, dying cell releases secretory products. example - SEBACEOUS GLANDS

47
Q

what are serous secretions?

A

watery secretion containing enzymes

48
Q

what are mucous secretions?

A

secrete mucins which hydrate to from mucous

49
Q

what are mixed secretions?

A

secretions containing both serous and mucous

50
Q

what are the 3 major salivary glands?

A

parotid, submandibular, sublingual

51
Q

where are the minor salivary glands located?

A

scattered all over the oral cavity

52
Q

what is xerostomia and what does it affect?

A

dry mouth affecting both major and minor salivary glands

53
Q

what colour do mucous secreting glands stain and describe the histology seen

A

light pink stain with white cloudy substance in the middle

54
Q

what colour do serous secreting glands stain and describe the histology seen

A

dark pink with nuclei located peripherally

55
Q

what organ is both endocrine and exocrine?

A

pancreas

56
Q

what is the endocrine portion of the pancreas made up of?

A

islets of langerhans

57
Q

what do islets of langerhans cells contain?

A

insulin (beta cells) glucagon (alpha cells) and somatostatin (nuclei of delta cells)

58
Q

what is the exocrine portion of the pancreas made of?

A

various different enzymes responsible for digestion

59
Q

what is the most important and common endocrine disorder?

A

diabetes mellitus

60
Q

what oral disease are diabetics more likely to develop and why?

A

periodontitis due to lack of response of immune cells change in the blood vessels

61
Q

describe type 1 diabetes

A

insulin dependent. destruction of beta cells

62
Q

describe type 2 diabetes

A

insulin resistant. tissues lose their sensitivity to insulin so becomes ineffective

63
Q

what are the oral effects of diabetes?

A

periodontitis, dry mouth and susceptibility to infections

64
Q

what is an example of reduced hormone release?

A

hypofunction

65
Q

what is an example of excessive hormone release?

A

hyperfunction

66
Q

what is an example of hormone resistance?

A

diabetes mellitus

Tissues BDS1 (10 decks)

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