Endocrine and Exocrine Glands

Question 1

what are glands?

Answer 1

epithelial cells that produce secretions

Question 2

what is the origin of glands?

Answer 2

ectodermal

Question 3

what do endocrine glands do?

Answer 3

produce secretions released into surrounding interstitial fluid then enter the bloodstream

Question 4

what secretions do endocrine glands produce?

Answer 4

hormones

Question 5

where are endocrine glands?

Answer 5

part of epithelial surface such as lining of digestive tract OR in separate organs such as thyroid or pituitary glands

Question 6

apart from producing secretions what is another function of endocrine glands

Answer 6

regulation of bodily functions and maintain homeostasis

Question 7

what is an example of chronic secretion?

Answer 7

thyroxin

Question 8

what is an example if episodic secretion?

Answer 8

insulin

Question 9

what is an example of acute secretion?

Answer 9

cortisol/epinephrine

Question 10

what is humoral regulation of hormone secretion and give an example

Answer 10

blood-borne molecules, e.g. high glucose levels stimulates insulin secretion

Question 11

what is neural regulation of hormone secretion and give an example

Answer 11

neurons stimulate hormone production, e.g. sympathetic nervous system stimulates epinephrine

Question 12

what is hormonal regulation of hormone secretion and give an example

Answer 12

hormone secretion stimulates another hormone to be secreted, e.g. hormones from pituitary gland stimulate testes to make testosterone

Question 13

what are the 3 classes of hormones?

Answer 13

proteins and polypeptides, steroids, derivatives of amino acid tyrosine

Question 14

where are proteins and polypeptide hormones found?

Answer 14

pancreas, parathyroid gland and are stored in cell

Question 15

where are steroid hormones found?

Answer 15

adrenal cortex, ovaries and placenta. not stored

Question 16

what are steroid hormones synthesised from?

Answer 16

cholesterol

Question 17

where are derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine found?

Answer 17

adrenal medulla and thyroid

Question 18

what are the main parts of the endocrine system?

Answer 18

hypothalamus, pituitary gland, parathyroid glands, thymus, adrenal glands, pineal gland, thyroid, pancreas, ovary and testes

Question 19

what epithelium is in the thyroid gland?

Answer 19

simple cuboidal epithelium

Question 20

where is the thyroid gland located?

Answer 20

in the trachea

Question 21

what makes up the thyroid?

Answer 21

colloid, parafollicular cells, blood vessels and follicular cells

Question 22

what hormones does the thyroid gland secrete?

Answer 22

thyroxine T4 and trio-iodothyronine T3

Question 23

what hormone does the parathyroid gland secrete?

Answer 23

parathyroid hormone

Question 24

what is the result of hyperparathyroidism?

Answer 24

lesions on the bone as a result of a benign tumour/other conditions/vitamin D deficiency

Question 25

what acts on the osteoclasts?

Answer 25

the parathyroid hormone

Question 26

what does calcitonin do?

Answer 26

decrease calcium level?

Question 27

how does PTH affect calcium metabolism?

Answer 27

increases calcium level by activating osteoclasts which break down the bone and release calcium into the blood

Question 28

what do chief cells do?

Answer 28

synthesise and secrete PTH

Question 29

what are oxyphil cells?

Answer 29

transitional form of chief cells

Question 30

what do oxyphil cells contain?

Answer 30

numerous mitochondria

Question 31

how are exocrine glands classified?

Answer 31

by structure or by method of secretion

Question 32

where are secretions from the exocrine glands released?

Answer 32

through ducts that open onto the epithelial surface

Question 33

what are the two structures of exocrine glands?

Answer 33

unicellular glands and multicellular glands

Question 34

what are secretory sheets?

Answer 34

simplest of multicellular glands

Question 35

what are complex multicellular glands?

Answer 35

pockets of gland cells set back from epithelial surface

Question 36

where are simple tubular glands found?

Answer 36

stomach and colon

Question 37

where are simple branched tubular glands found?

Answer 37

lower portion of stomach

Question 38

where are simple coiled tubular glands found?

Answer 38

lower portion of stomach and small intestine

Question 39

where are simple acinar glands found?

Answer 39

sebaceous glands of skin

Question 40

where are simple branched acinar glands found?

Answer 40

sebaceous glands of skin

Question 41

where are compound tubular glands found?

Answer 41

mucous glands of duodenum

Question 42

where are compound acinar glands found?

Answer 42

mammary glands

Question 43

where are compound tubuloacinar glands found?

Answer 43

pancreas

Question 44

what is a merocrine gland and what is an example of the types of gland that they are?

Answer 44

there are vesicles containing secretory products which release contents into duct and secretion occurs in the duct. example - SALIVARY GLANDS

Question 45

what is an apocrine gland and what is an example of the type of glands they are?

Answer 45

secretory products are stored in the cell and there are pinched off portions of the cell in the secretion. example - MAMMARY GLANDS

Question 46

what is a holocrine gland and what is an example of the type of glands they are?

Answer 46

cells are shed into the duct, replacement shells lie behind the shed cells, dying cell releases secretory products. example - SEBACEOUS GLANDS

Question 47

what are serous secretions?

Answer 47

watery secretion containing enzymes

Question 48

what are mucous secretions?

Answer 48

secrete mucins which hydrate to from mucous

Question 49

what are mixed secretions?

Answer 49

secretions containing both serous and mucous

Question 50

what are the 3 major salivary glands?

Answer 50

parotid, submandibular, sublingual

Question 51

where are the minor salivary glands located?

Answer 51

scattered all over the oral cavity

Question 52

what is xerostomia and what does it affect?

Answer 52

dry mouth affecting both major and minor salivary glands

Question 53

what colour do mucous secreting glands stain and describe the histology seen

Answer 53

light pink stain with white cloudy substance in the middle

Question 54

what colour do serous secreting glands stain and describe the histology seen

Answer 54

dark pink with nuclei located peripherally

Question 55

what organ is both endocrine and exocrine?

Answer 55

pancreas

Question 56

what is the endocrine portion of the pancreas made up of?

Answer 56

islets of langerhans

Question 57

what do islets of langerhans cells contain?

Answer 57

insulin (beta cells) glucagon (alpha cells) and somatostatin (nuclei of delta cells)

Question 58

what is the exocrine portion of the pancreas made of?

Answer 58

various different enzymes responsible for digestion

Question 59

what is the most important and common endocrine disorder?

Answer 59

diabetes mellitus

Question 60

what oral disease are diabetics more likely to develop and why?

Answer 60

periodontitis due to lack of response of immune cells change in the blood vessels

Question 61

describe type 1 diabetes

Answer 61

insulin dependent. destruction of beta cells

Question 62

describe type 2 diabetes

Answer 62

insulin resistant. tissues lose their sensitivity to insulin so becomes ineffective

Question 63

what are the oral effects of diabetes?

Answer 63

periodontitis, dry mouth and susceptibility to infections

Question 64

what is an example of reduced hormone release?

Answer 64

hypofunction

Question 65

what is an example of excessive hormone release?

Answer 65

hyperfunction

Question 66

what is an example of hormone resistance?

Answer 66

diabetes mellitus