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Anatomy > Muscle Test Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Muscle Test Chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

tissue surrounding the entire muscle that separates it from other muscles or bone.

A

Fasciae

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2
Q

tissue around the entire muscle (directly connected)

A

Epimysium

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3
Q

tissue surrounding the individual fascicles

A

Perimysium

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4
Q

tissue surrounding the individual muscle fibers

A

Endomysium

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5
Q

adult stem cells, repair damaged muscle cells

A

Satellite Cells

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6
Q

embryonic stem cells that form all muscle cells

A

Myoblast

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7
Q

the muscle cell membrane

A

Sarcolemma

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8
Q

the muscle cell cytoplasm

A

Sarcoplasm

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9
Q

the muscle cells endoplasmic reticulum

A

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

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10
Q

run perpindicular to the SR to carry materials fiber to fiber

A

Transverse Tubules

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11
Q

subunits of a muscle fiber

A

Myofibrils

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12
Q

sub units of a myofibril

A

Myofilaments

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13
Q

thin, light in color, move, create the I band

A

Actin

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14
Q

thick, dark in color, do not move, create the A band

A

Myosin

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15
Q

one segment of a muscle fiber

A

Sacromere

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16
Q

What does the Sacromere contain?

A
  1. Actin
  2. Myosin
  3. Supporting Proteins
  4. Regulating Proteins
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17
Q

hold myofilaments in place

A

Supporting Proteins

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18
Q

control contraction of myofilaments

A

Regulating Proteins

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19
Q

made up of myosin filaments, thick and dark, do not move

A

A Bands

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20
Q

made up of actin filaments, light and thin, do move

A

I Bands

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21
Q

middle of the myosin filaments

A

M Line

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22
Q

area where the I band and A band both occur/overlap

A

Zone of Overlap

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23
Q

middle of the I bands, start of new sacromeres

A

Z-Lines

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24
Q

the idea that states that myosin heads pull on actin in a ratcheting pattern.

A

Ratchet Theory

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25
Q

What are four changes that take place in the Ratchet Theory?

A
  1. I band gets smaller
  2. Overlap zone gets bigger
  3. Z lines get closer together
  4. A band remains the same
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26
Q

area where nerves connect to muscle fibers

A

Neuromuscular Junction

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27
Q

neurons that connect to muscles

A

Motor Neurons

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28
Q

the gap between a nerve and a fiber

A

Synapse

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29
Q

the last part of the motor neuron in the neuromuscular junction

A

Synaptic Terminal

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30
Q

the part of the muscle in the neuromuscular junction area

A

Motor End Plate

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31
Q

the amount of stimulus needed to release a neurotransmitter

A

Action Potential

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32
Q

a neurotransmitter that causes Na+ ions to enter the fiber

A

ACh

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33
Q

cause Ca+ ions to be released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Na+

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34
Q

cause mysoin heads to grab and pull on Actin filaments

35
Q

enzyme that breaks down ACh

36
Q

What are the steps to relaxation?

A
  1. impulse stops
  2. ACHase released- breaks down ACh
  3. Na+ leaves muscle fiber
  4. Ca+ returns to the SR to be stored
  5. Myosin release Actin (relax)
37
Q

What are the steps to contraction?

A
  1. impulse begins
  2. ACh releases into the synapse
  3. Na+/K+ enters fiber
  4. Ca+ is released from SR
  5. Myosin pulls Actin
38
Q

What are the 3 things that relaxation are caused by?

A
  1. Gravity
  2. Elastic Forces
  3. Opposing Muscle Groups
39
Q

the idea that each muscle fiber will contract 100% or none at all

A

All or None Principle

40
Q

What is muscle tension controlled by?

A
  1. Number of muscle fibers stimulated

2. Frequency of stimulation

41
Q

a single stimulus that causes one contraction and relaxation sequence

42
Q

What are the three phases of muscle tension?

A
  1. latent
  2. Contraction
  3. Relaxation
43
Q

muscle tension phase where there is no tension, impulse occurs, ACh, Na+, and Ca+ are released

A

Latent Phase

44
Q

muscle tension phase where myofilaments connect and shorten.

A

Contraction Phase

45
Q

Na+ and Ca+ are reabsorbed and contraction stops

A

relaxation phase

46
Q

the gradual build up of tension due to repeated stimuli

A

Wave summation

47
Q

maximum tension with brief periods of relaxation (convulsions)

A

Incomplete tetanus

48
Q

no period of relaxation, constant full tension

A

Complete tetanus

49
Q

contraction ends, but low levels of tension remains in the muscle fibers. Ca+ cannot leave due to damage. ex) after a heavy workout

50
Q

tension in the myofibril (actual amount is higher)

A

internal tension

51
Q

tension at the tendon (less due to stretching)

A

external tension

52
Q

a motor neuron and all of the fibers it connects to

A

motor unit

53
Q

contain fewer fiber per neuron- react quicker with less force

A

fine motor skills

54
Q

contain many fiber per neuron- react slower but have more force

A

course motor skills

55
Q

resting tension in a muscle

A

muscle tone

56
Q

length of muscle changes

A

isotonic contractions

57
Q

muscles do not change in length

A

isometric contractions

58
Q

the breakdown of pyruvic acid with the help of oxygen

A

Aerobic metabolism

59
Q

the breakdown of glucose without the use of oxygen. Creates 2 ATP and Lactic Acid

A

Glycolosis (Anerobic) Metabolism

60
Q

What causes muscle fatigue?

A
  1. Run out of ATP
  2. Loss of energy source (glucose or oxygen)
  3. Build up of Lactic Acid (muscle damage)
  4. Damage to the SR (injury)
61
Q

the maximum amount of tension produced- determined by the number of fibers

62
Q

the length of time that a muscle can perform- determined by the number of mitochondria

63
Q

What are the types of muscle fibers?

A
  1. Fast
  2. Slow
  3. Intermediate
64
Q

type of muscle fiber; common, large, powerful, white, have few mitochondria

65
Q

type of muscle fiber; smaller, fatigue slowly, dark red, more oxyhemoglobin, many mitochondria

66
Q

type of muscle fiber; pink and pale

A

Intermediate

67
Q

muscle growth

A

Hypertrophy

68
Q

muscle loss

69
Q

Ways that Anaerobic endurance is limited (sprints, lifting, speed).

A
  1. Amount of ATP or CP
  2. Glycogen reserves
  3. Lactic Acid tolerance
70
Q

Ways that Aerobic endurance is limited (jogging and swimming).

A
  1. Oxygen levels

2. Sugars, carbohydrates, fats, and proteins

71
Q

What are the affects of aging on the muscular system?

A
  1. Fibers get smaller
  2. Loss of elasticity
  3. Decrease in recovery ability
  4. Exercise tolerance decreases
72
Q

a bacterial infection; caused by improperly canned foods; causes muscle paralysis

73
Q

genetic; body does not create dystrophin; causes muscle atrophy

A

Duchenne’s Muscular Dystrophy

74
Q

occurs in the diaphragm; a tear in the muscle wall; caused by persistent cough or vomiting

A

Hiatal Hernia

75
Q

occurs in the abdomen/groin; a tear the muscle wall; intestines push through a hole

A

Inguinal Hernia

76
Q

ALS; no known cause; loss of function of motor neurons; muscle atrophy

A

Lou Gehrig’s Disease

77
Q

MS; loss of myolin on motor neurons; causes brain damage; lose neuron function

A

Multiple Sclerosis

78
Q

lose ACh; no muscle contractions; autoimmune disease

A

Myasthenia Gravis

79
Q

viral disease: causes paralysis

80
Q

bacterial infection; causes muscle spasms; lockjaw

81
Q

under cooked pork- worms: eat away muscle tissue

A

Trichinosis

82
Q

autoimmune; chronically tired

A

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

83
Q

muscle pain; autoimmune; muscles swell and fatigue

A

Fibromyalgia

Anatomy (12 decks)

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