Chapter 19: Blood Flashcards
What three things make up the cardiovascular system?
1) Blood
2) Heart
3) Blood Vessels
What are the functions of the cardiovascular system?
1) Supplies nutrients to cells
2) Supplies oxygen to cells
3) Removes wastes
4) Prevents diseases
takes fluids out of the tissues that are carried into it by the circulatory system
Lymphatic System
What are the functions of blood?
1) Transports dissolved gases, nutrients, hormones, and waste
2) Regulates pH and ion composition of blood
3) Blood clotting
4) Defends against toxins and pathogens
5) Regulates body temperature
What two things make up blood composition?
1) Plasma
2) Formed Elements
What are the three formed elements?
1) Red Blood Cells
2) White Blood Cells
3) Platelets
plasma and formed elements together
Whole Blood
makes up 50-60% of blood, is made up of 92% water, 8% proteins and electrolytes
Plasma
What are the three proteins in plasma?
1) Albumin
2) Globulins
3) Fibrinogen
one of the plasma proteins, 60% of the proteins, help transport materials by osmosis
Albumin
one of the plasma proteins (35%), contain antibodies
Globulins
one of the plasma proteins (4%), clot the blood
Fibrinogens
formation of blood in the bone marrow
Hematopoiesis
stem cells for all blood cell formation
Hemocytoblasts
contain hemoglobin, 99.9% of all blood cells, 25 trillion in the body, have a biconcave shape
Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
percentage of whole blood that is formed elements
Hemocrit
What are three benefits of a RBC being biconcave in shape?
1) Surface Area to Volume ratio is better
2) Cells are stackable
3) Cells are flexible
found in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow, removes damaged cells
Phagocytic cells
rupturing of blood cells
hemolysis
makes the urine red/brown; caused by RBC’s breaking down
Hemoglobinuria
fully intact RBC’s in urine; kidneys are not functioning
Hematuria
the formation of RBC’s, occurs in the red marrow, yellow marrow can change to red when needed
Erythropoiesis
a person that studies blood formation and function
Hematologist
one of the plasma proteins, 60% of the proteins, help transport materials by osmosis
Albumin
one of the plasma proteins (35%), contain antibodies
Globulins
one of the plasma proteins (4%), clot the blood
Fibrinogens
formation of blood in the bone marrow
Hematopoiesis
stem cells for all blood cell formation
Hemocytoblasts
contain hemoglobin, 99.9% of all blood cells, 25 trillion in the body, have a biconcave shape
Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
percentage of whole blood that is formed elements
Hemocrit
What are three benefits of a RBC being biconcave in shape?
1) Surface Area to Volume ratio is better
2) Cells are stackable
3) Cells are flexible
found in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow, removes damaged cells
Phagocytic cells
rupturing of blood cells
hemolysis
makes the urine red/brown; caused by RBC’s breaking down
Hemoglobinuria
fully intact RBC’s in urine; kidneys are not functioning
Hematuria
the formation of RBC’s, occurs in the red marrow, yellow marrow can change to red when needed
Erythropoiesis
a person that studies blood formation and function
Hematologist
trigger immune system responses (determine what blood type a person has)
Antigens
antibodies that attack foreign red blood cells
agglutinins
What are some characteristics of WBC’s?
1) Have a nucleus and organelles
2) no hemoglobin
3) fight pathogens
4) can leave the bloodstream
type of WBC, a granulocyte, 50-70% granulocytes, fight bacterial infections, show up early
Neutrophils
type of WBC make up 2-4% of granulocytes, fight parasitic infections, phagocytic
Eosinophils
type of WBC make up less than 1 % of granulocytes, cause inflammation
Basophils
type of WBC 2-8% of agranulocytes, trigger scar tissues, show up late in injury
Monocytes
type of WBC, 20-30%, main line of defense
Lymphocyte
What are the three classes of lympocytes?
1) T-Cells
2) B-Cells
3) NK Cells
type of lymphocyte, defends against invading cells
t cells
type of lymphocyte, produce and distribute antibodies
b cells
fight cancers and abnormal tissues
NK (Natural Killer) Cells
What are the characteristics of WBC’s?
1) use ameboid movement (change shape)
2) can leave the bloodstream
3) are attracted to chemical stimuli
4) phagocytic- eat damaged cells/tissues
made in the bone marrow
WBC’s
make lymphocytes and plasma
Lymphoid stem cells
cells that form all blood cells
hemocytoblasts
make all blood cells and platelets except lymphocytes and plasma
myeloid stem cells
are flattened disks in the bloodstream, live 9-12 days, removed by liver and spleen
Platelets
what are the functions of platelets?
1) transports chemical needed to clot
2) patch walls of damaged blood vessels
3) contraction of clot
process of making platelets in the bone marrow
thrombocytipoeisis
create platelets
Megakaryocytes
process of stopping bleeding
Hemostasis
What are the three phases of hemostasis?
1) Vascular phase
2) Platelet phase
3) coagulation phase
phase of hemostasis, vessels contract (smooth muscle)
vascular phase
phase of hemostasis, platelets fill into damaged blood vessels and form a platelet plug
Platelet phase
phase of hemostasis, blood clot forms when fibers are added to platelets and forms a scab.
Coagulation phase
What three things is blood clotting restricted by?
1) Anticoagulants- enzyme that stops clotting
2) Heparin- blood thinner
3) Protein C- inactivates clotting factors
promote clotting, produced in the large intestine
Calcium ions and Vitamin K
gradual breakdown of a blood clot
fibrinolysis
