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Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

another name for the digestive tract (mouth to anus)

A

alimentary canal

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2
Q

includes the liver, gal bladder, pancreas, and salivary glands

A

accessory organs

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3
Q

What are the steps to digestion?

A

1) ingestion
2) mechanical processing
3) digestion
4) secretion
5) absorption
6) excretion

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4
Q

What are the 4 layers of the alimentary canal?

A

1) mucosa
2) submucosa
3) muscularis externa
4) serosa

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5
Q

the layer in the alimentary canal, innermost layer,secretes mucous and enzymes (protection)

A

Mucosa Layer

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6
Q

layer of the alimentary canal, blood vessels and lymph and nerve

A

Submucosa Layer

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7
Q

layer of alimentary canal, contains 2 layers of muscle that push food (circular/longitudinal)

A

Muscularis Externa Layer

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8
Q

layer of the alimentary canal, outer protective layer, reduces friction

A

Serosa Layer

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9
Q

the pinch/push that moves food (controlled by pace setter cells)

A

Perstalsis

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10
Q

area from the diaphragm to pelvis

A

Abdominal cavity

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11
Q

tissue covering internal organs in the belly

A

Visceral Peritoneum

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12
Q

tissue on the wall of belly

A

Parietal Peritoneum

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13
Q

lubricates cavities to reduce friction (7 liters a day)

A

Peritoneal Fluid

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14
Q

tissue that holds the small intestines in place and supply blood vessels (run from parietal to visceral peritoneum

A

Messenteries

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15
Q

connects stomach to the back of the peritoneum (stops twisting)

A

Lesser Omentum

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16
Q

runs from the base of the stomach to the bottom of the abdominal cavity (covers intestines). Made up of fatty tissue, provides energy reserve, cushions, and protection.

A

Greater Omentum

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17
Q

digestion contractions slow down

A

Sympathetic Nervous System

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18
Q

digestion contractions speed up

A

Parasympathetic Nervous System

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19
Q

connects large intestine to the parietal peritoneum. Stops twisting and keeps it in place

A

Mesocolon

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20
Q

area behind the peritoneum where the kidneys are located

A

retroperitoneal

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21
Q

mouth cavity

A

Oral/Buccal Cavity

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22
Q

What are the functions of the mouth in digestion?

A

1) Analyzes food
2) Breaks down food and mixes it together
3) lubricates food
4) limited digestion

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23
Q

lining in the mouth, thicker on the top of the tongue and the roof of the mouth

A

oral mucosa

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24
Q

lips

A

labia

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25
Q

between the cheek and the gums

A

Vestibule

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26
Q

gums

A

Gingivae

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27
Q

roof of mouth (front and back)

A

Hard and Soft Palate

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28
Q

excess tissue in the back of throat

A

Uvula

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29
Q

lymphatic tissue in the back of the throat

A

Tonsils

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30
Q

What are the functions of the tongue?

A

1) Break down food
2) moves food
3) gives sense of touch
4) secrets mucous and enzymes

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31
Q

Parts of the tongue:

A

root

body

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32
Q

back connection area of the tongue

A

Root

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33
Q

front section of the tongue

A

body

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34
Q

taste buds (salty, sweet, bitter, sour, and savery)

A

Lingual papillae

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35
Q

tissue under the tongue that holds it down

A

Frenulum

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36
Q

when the frenulum is too long- ‘tongue tied’

A

Ankyloglassia

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37
Q

enzyme that starts to breakdown fats

A

Lingual Lipase

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38
Q

Muscles in the mouth:

A

Intrinsic

Extrinsic

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39
Q

smaller, coordinate shape and help with speech

A

Intrinsic

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40
Q

larger, used for major movements

A

Extrinsic

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41
Q

Typesof Salivary Glands:

A

1) Parotid
2) Sublingual
3) Submandibular

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42
Q

type of salivary, found in cheeks, thick saliva, amylase, 25% of all saliva, release through the parotid duct

A

Parotid

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43
Q

type of salivary gland, found under the tongue, watery mucous, 5% of all saliva, ducts release on each side of the tongue

A

Sublingual

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44
Q

type of salivary gland, found in lower jaw, mucins (buffer), 70% of all saliva, amylase

A

Submandibular

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45
Q

Characteristics of Saliva:

A

1) 1-1.5 liters/day
2) 99.4% water
3) .6% electrolytes, buffers, enzymes, and antibodies

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46
Q

Functions of Saliva:

A

1) Buffers
2) Cleans mouth
3) Fight Bacteria
4) Lubricates the mouth
5) Moistens food
6) Digestion of starches and fats

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47
Q

can control (not involuntary). Swallowing of food

A

Somatic System

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48
Q

process of chewing

A

Mastication

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49
Q

main component of teeth (calcium phosphate).No cells

A

Dentin

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50
Q

center of the tooth (contain blood vessels and nerves)

A

Pulp Cavity

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51
Q

narrow tunnel that blood vessels and nerves run through

A

Root Canal

52
Q

base of the tooth

53
Q

connect teeth to jaw bones

A

Peridontal Ligament

54
Q

connects tooth to the gums

55
Q

visible part of the tooth

56
Q

gum disease (bacterial)

A

gingivitis

57
Q

covering of the tooth, hardest biologically created substance

58
Q

Types of Teeth:

A

1) Incisors
2) Cuspids
3) Bicuspids
4) Molars

59
Q

front teeth, cut, 4 central, 4 lateral. 8 total

60
Q

canines, tear, 4 teeth total

61
Q

premolars, grind, 4 1st row, 4 2nd row, 8 total

62
Q

grind, 4 1st row, 4 2nd row, 4 3rd row, 12 total

63
Q

baby teeth, 20 total

A

Primary teeth

64
Q

adult teeth, 32 total

A

Secondary teeth

65
Q

cavities

66
Q

common pathway for air, water, and food

67
Q

located above the soft palate

A

nasopharynx

68
Q

located in the back of the mouth

A

oropharynx

69
Q

located past the esophagus

A

laryngopharaynx

70
Q

tube that connects the mouth to the stomach, 10 inches long, 2 cm wide, passes through the center of the diaphragm

71
Q

deglutition

A

swallowing

72
Q

Steps to Swallowing:

A

1) buccal phase
2) pharyngeal phase
3) esophageal phase

73
Q

the first step to swallowing, the tongue goes up, soft palate goes up; food is pushed back

A

Buccal Phase

74
Q

second step of swallowing, bolus stimulates swallowing reflex (medulla oblongota); larynx rises, epiglottis closes off trachea

A

Pharyngeal Phase

75
Q

last stage of swallowing, food enters the esophagus

A

Esophageal Phase

76
Q

Functions of the Stomach:

A

1) stores food
2) breaks down food
3) add acids and enzymes to help break down chemical bonds
4) makes intrinsic factor-helps absorb Vitamin B12

77
Q

material that leaves the stomach

78
Q

What are the four parts to the stomach?

A

1) Cardiac
2) Fundus
3) Body
4) Pyloric

79
Q

located in the stomach; between esophagus and stomach; sphincter

A

Cardiac Sphincter

80
Q

located in the stomach; between the stomach and duodenum

A

Pyloric Sphincter

81
Q

folds in the stomach that increase surface area

82
Q

depressions in the mucous lining in the stomach that absorbs materials

A

Gastric Pits

83
Q

make gastric juices; 2 types (parietal and chief)

A

Gastric glands

84
Q

make HCl and intrinsic factor (helps in blood formation)

A

Parietal cells

85
Q

create pepsinogen–>pepsin with HCl–> digests proteins

A

Chief Cells

86
Q

Functions of HCl:

A

1) kills bacteria
2) breaks down proteins and other food products
3) breaks down cellulose in vegetables
4) activates pepsin release

87
Q

Functions of pyloric glands:

A

1) mucous secretion by the pylorus

2) secretes Gastrin

88
Q

hormone that stimulates the gastric glands and stomach muscles

89
Q

What regulates stomach activity?

A

1) Central Nervous System (Autonomic System)
2) Stretch reflexes- in stomach walls
3) Digestive tract hormones

90
Q

What are the 3 phases to stomach activity?

A

1) cephalic
2) gastric
3) intestinal

91
Q

phase of stomach activity where smell, taste, or thought of food causes release of saliva and activates stomach muscles and acids

A

Cephalic phase

92
Q

phase of stomach activity when food enters the stomach; stomach stretches, pH goes up; presence of undigested food

A

gastric phase

93
Q

phase of stomach activity when chyme enters the duodenum, controls the rate the stomach empties, duodenal stretching causes the pyloric valve to close

A

Intestinal phase

94
Q

What are the 3 parts to the small intestine?

A

1) Duodenum-first 6 inches, connects to liver, galbladder and pancreas
2) Jejunum-8 ft. long, most absorption occurs here
3) Ileum- last 12 ft., connects to colon

95
Q

connects the small intestine and the large intestine

A

Ileocealcal valve

96
Q

hangs off at the ceacum, accessory organ

97
Q

folds in the intestines (800)

98
Q

projections on the plicae that increase surface area for absorption (thousands)

99
Q

Functions of intestinal juices:

A

1) moistens chyme
2) buffers acid
3) liquefies digestive enzymes

100
Q

fancy name for vomiting

101
Q

Functions of the pancreas

A

creates digestive enzymes and buffers

located under the stomach

102
Q

located in the pancreas; secretes insulin- controls blood sugar levels

103
Q

located in the pancreas; secretes pancreatic juice

104
Q

digests starches

A

alpha amylase

105
Q

digests fats

106
Q

digests nucleic acids

107
Q

digest proteins

A

proteolytic enzymes

108
Q

divides the liver into right and left lobes

A

falciform ligament

109
Q

liver cells that adjust levels of nutrients

A

hepatocytes

110
Q

liver cells that phagocytic and take out pathogens, dead blood cells, store iron, fats, and heavy metals

A

Kupffercells

111
Q

functional unit of the lover, look like the spokes of a bike tire, contain hepatocytes and kupffer cells (100,000)

A

Liver Lobules

112
Q

substance created by the liver; dumps into the hepatic duct (common bile duct)

113
Q

Functions of the liver:

A

regulate metabolism

regulates blood

114
Q

Steps to regulation of blood (in liver):

A

1) breaks down blood cells
2) create antigens
3) makes plasma proteins
4) absorbs and recycles hormones
5) removes antibodies
6) removes toxins
7) creates bile- breaks down fats proteins

115
Q

functions of the gall bladder:

A

1) stores bile

2) modifies bile

116
Q

digestive hormone; releases bile and pancreatic enzymes

A

choleocystokinin (CCK)

117
Q

digestive hormone, creates mucous

A

Enterokinin

118
Q

digestive hormone, releases insulin, slows stomach activity

A

Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP)

119
Q

digestive hormone, activates stomach acids and enzymes

120
Q

digestive hormone, makes buffers, slows stomach activity, and increase bile

121
Q

digestive hormone, dilates blood vessels in intestine, slow acid release, makes buffers

A

Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP)

122
Q

Functions of the large intestines:

A

1) reabsorbs water, minerals, and vitamins
2) compacts feces
3) stores feces
4) absorbs 10% of nutrients

123
Q

Three parts of the large intestine:

A

ceacum- connection area
colon- main portion
rectum- last 6 inches

124
Q

What are the colon segments?

A

1) Ascending
2) Transverse
3) Descending
4) Sigmoid

125
Q

75% water, 5% bacteria, 20% undigested waste material

126
Q

farts; created when complex carbohydrates are broken down by bacteria

Anatomy (12 decks)

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