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AnSc 313 Genetics > Multifactoral > Flashcards

Multifactoral Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a multifactoral disorder

A

many genes and environmental triggers
accounts for the vast majority if late onset inherited diseases
sporadic occurance in pedigree
incidence not equal between sexes
difficult to eradicate

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2
Q

what is canine malignant lymphoma

A

triggered by 2,4-D herbicide (weed and feed)
exposure 3-5 days after application, via grooming
cancer

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3
Q

diabetes in dogs

A

2-5 females and 1 male
gender imbalance
exacerbated by pregnancy

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4
Q

what does multifactoral cause in hereford cattle?

A

cancer eye
lack of pigmentation and is worse from sunlight

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5
Q

Osteochondrosis

A

effects dogs, pigs, horses - more males then females
pitted ball joint - femur/humerus
exacerbated by rapid weight gain (gender imbalance)

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6
Q

Hip Dysplasia

A

shallow acetabulum
more severe cases shown in younger ages
occurs in most large dog breeds
increased age increase arthritis increasing pain

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7
Q

what are possible environmental triggers for hip dysplasia?

A

rapid growth (overfeeding)
dietary imbalance
over exxercise

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8
Q

what is epilepsy

A

multifactoral seizure disorder
more common in certain breeds, such as belgian shepards
polygenid trait caused by stress and sex hormones

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9
Q

indicatorars of multifactoral inheritance

A

late onset
sporatic occurance in pedigree
incidence not equal between sexes

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10
Q

how do you calculate risks

A

its the sqaure root of incidence
this risk rises every first relative parent, sibling and offspring
5% 1 parent or sib or offspring
10% 1 parent and 1 sib
20% 1 parent and 2 siblings

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11
Q

how does risk of reoccurance increase

A

more severe the case or the earliier the onset
mating is consanguineous
trigger is common
multiple family memebers affected

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12
Q

what is the burden of disease

A
  • severity of symptoms
  • cost of treatment
  • pain or discomfort
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13
Q

how do you make breeding decisions

A

client must weigh risk and burden
5% risk of eye cancer … but about 50% of the carcass is then condemned
5% risk of hip dysplasia

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14
Q

What is the genetic advice for breeding decisions

A

avoid repeat matings that produce multifactorial diseased offspring
suggest healthy lifestyle changes in breeds known to be susceptable

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15
Q

what are the goals of future breeding programs

A
  • fewer antibiotics used, especially in meat producing animals
  • greater longevity
  • increased quality of life/health
  • increased milk production (peaks at 4-5 years of age in dairy cattle)
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16
Q

what is teratogenesis ?

A

abnormal development influenced by drugs, viruses, chemicals, radiation - in utero = mammalian phenomenon

17
Q

examples of teratogenesis?

A

twisted legs(cattle)
cyclopean(lambs)
cleft palate(cattle, dogs)
heart defects (sheep)

18
Q

what is the biological threshold?

A

developmental processes occur on a fixed schedule
at a fixed period in gestation, disruptions or delays cause that organ to be incompletely developed

19
Q

what are spina bifida risks?

A

maternal folic acid deficiency
exposure to high temperature in early pregnancy (prolonged fever or hot tub use)
maternal insulin-dependednt diabetes
medications (anti-seizure)

20
Q

what is a cleft lip and palate

A

in utero development of face at 7-9 weeks (cattle)
fixed time period for facial development
delay (fever, virus)
face not finished (failt fusion of nasal processes )

21
Q

what is important in tereatogenesis?

A

genetic backgroun (predisposition to the tetratogen, predisposition to the malformation)
exposure (time and length, dose)

22
Q

generalizations of teratogens

A
  • animal pregnant or lactating at time of exposure (rarely through male)
  • few effects last prior to conception
  • most effects have a two week delay
    preimplantation a safe period or embryo dies
  • primarily congenital defects
23
Q

What is the development stage at time of exposure

A

stage = effect
blastocyst = lethality
organogenesis = structureal defects
histogenesis = microscopic changes
growth = stunting

24
Q

what are types of direct acess for teratogens

A

radiation, microwaves, ultrasound

25
Q

indirect teratogens

A

maternal blood via the placenta (alters absorption and dose

26
Q

what are physical teratogens

A

temperature - fever, overheating, hypothermia
Ultrasound
electromagnetic fields - power towers

27
Q

what are biological teratogens

A

malnutrition - general (low birth weight offspring)

28
Q

specific dietary deficiencies

A

twisted legs (arthrogryposis)
manganese deficiency

29
Q

what specific foods are teratogens

A

locoweed - abortions and malformations in sheep and cattle
lupine (in cypress hills region) crooked calf disease, high concentration of alkaloids
vetratrum - grows in foothills, cyclopia in lambs if ewes ingest about day 14 of gestation
sudan grass- arthrogryposis in horses
tobacco stalks - byproduct of the cigarette industry - piglets develop stiff and swollen joints

30
Q

what is BVD?

A

bovine viral diarrhea
abortion
central nervous damage
persistently infecte calves
weak and small

31
Q

twin mortality

A

premature birth - low birth weight, respiratory problems
postion effects - limb deformities
freemartinism

32
Q

chemical teratogens in food

A

ethoxyquin (dog food perservative)
skin problems
abortion
animal feed additive
reduction of use - several countries do not allow use

33
Q

what kind of pollutants can be teratogens?

A

sour gas - increased sulfure and decreased selenium, white muscle disease in calves

34
Q

what drugs can be teratogens

A

albendazole
angry- agenesis of the tail anus and CNS in cattle and sheep
rumatel - lactating sheep
ivermectin - cattle

35
Q

what is chloramphenicol

A
  • can not be used in food-producing aniamls
  • aplastic anemia in humans (bone marrow damage from milk
  • regulations are made to protect humans not aniamls
36
Q

what is phenibarbital?

A

prescribed for seizures
can cause a broad spectrum of major defects (5/77 human pregnancies)
mildly depressed cognitive and language abilities
frequent seizures can cause hypoxia fetal distress and or defects

AnSc 313 Genetics (23 decks)

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