Multicultural

Question 1

What are the 5 stages of Helms’ Racial Minority Identity model? (Helms, 1984; 1995)

Answer 1

(Helms, 1984; 1995)

1. Preencounter: external self-definition; devalues own racial group; allegiance with white standards
2. Encounter: confusion; ambivalence about commitment to own race; repression of anxiety provoking material
3. Immersion/Emersion: realize own race; denigrate all things white; hypervigilant toward racial stimuli
4. Internalization: positive commitment to own race; capacity to respond objectively to white culture; flexible
5. Integrative Awareness: capacity to see own multiple roles, collective identities; empathize with social justice issues

Question 2

What are the 5 stages of Sue & Sue’s (1999) Racial/Cultural Identity Model?

Answer 2

1. Conformity: preference for dominant cultural values over own; self-deprecating or neutral views toward self and own race
2. Dissonance & Appreciating: growing awareness of racism; conflict between deprecating and appreciating self/own culture
3. Resistance & Immersion: endorse minority-held view and reject dominant view; view whites as oppressor
4. Introspection: question their rigid resistance to dominant culture
5. Integrative Awareness: develop sense of inner security; belief in acceptable and unacceptable aspects of all cultures

Question 3

Are there models for specific racial/ethnic identities?

Answer 3

Oh yes,

• Black identity (Cross, 1971),
• Asian American identity (Kim, 1981),
• Latino/Hispanic American identity (Ruiz, 1990)

Question 4

What are Helms (1995) 6 stages of White Identity Development Model?

Answer 4

1. Contact: oblivious to racism, color-blind.
2. Disintegration: conflicted; believing one is nonracist, yet not wanting child to marry a minority
3. Reintegration: firmer belief in White racial superiority;minorities blamed for their own problems.
4. Pseudo-Independence: beginning understanding of racial, cultural, and sexual orientation differences and interact with minorities; intellectual exercise.
5. Immersion/Emersion: increasing willingness to truly confront one’s own biases, increasing maturity that were previously lacking
6. Autonomy: Development of strong nonracist white identity

Question 5

Guidelines on Multicultural Education, Training, Research, Practice, and Organizational Change for Psychologists- American Psychological Association (APA, 2003) – offers 6 guidelines?

Answer 5

1. recognize that your beliefs/bias can hurt, i.e., don’t be colorblind (racial/ethnic)
2. recognize importance of multicultural sensitivity
3. include diversity and multiculturalism in education
4. do research with minority populations
5. apply culturally-appropriate skills
6. have organizations support culturally-informed organizational policies

Question 6

Citation for limitations of multicultural competence?

Answer 6

Constantine and Ladany, 2001

Question 7

Probs with multicultural competency scales?

Answer 7

(Constantine & Ladany, 2000) linked to social desirability

Question 8

cultural competence may influence ________

Answer 8

(Vasquez, 2007) working alliance