Counseling Theories

Question 1

Client-centered therapy–necessary and sufficient conditions for behavior change

Answer 1

Rogers (1957)

Question 2

Emotion-focused therapy citation

Answer 2

Greenberg (2010), Greenberg, Rice, & Elliot (1993), Greenberg and Paivio (1997)

Question 3

Interpersonal therapies citation

Answer 3

Teyber & McClure (2010)

Question 4

Cognitive Therapies citation

Answer 4

Beck (1995), Beck & Beck, 2011)

Question 5

Emotions can occur through a direct pathway through the amygdala or through a slower pathway mediated by the frontal cortex

Answer 5

LeDoux, 1996

Question 6

Gestalt therapies citation

Answer 6

Hefferline & Goodman, 1951; Dierks, 1996

Question 7

Awareness/Naming the emotion is therapeutic

Answer 7

Lieberman et al., 2004

Question 8

Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy (REBT) – what’s a citation?

Answer 8

Ellis, 1962, 2005

Question 9

Classic Psychoanalytic therapy (citation?)

Answer 9

Freud, 1917

Question 10

Attachment theory

Answer 10

Bowlby, 1982, 1988

Question 11

Psychosocial Theory

Answer 11

Erikson, 1993

Question 12

6 components distinguish psychodynamic theories from others, what are they?

Answer 12

Shedler (2010)

• Focus on affect and expression of emotion (cognitive understanding ≠ change)
• Active exploration of attempts to avoid distressing thoughts/emotions
• Identification of recurring themes and patterns
• Discussion of past experiences to shed light on present (developmental focus)
• Focus on interpersonal problems
• Focus on the therapy relationship

Question 13

Is there support for psychoanalytic principles?

Answer 13

Yes, support for concepts of unconscious,
defenses (Baumeister, Dale & Sommer, 1998), conflicted feelings/motivations,
childhood experiences influencing personality patterns,
self-concept (Westen, 1998)

Question 14

CCRT citation

Answer 14

Book, 1998

Question 15

Person-Centered therapy citation

Answer 15

Rogers, 1951, 1957,1959, 1961, 1980

Question 16

The necessary and sufficient conditions for change (6)

Answer 16

(Rogers, 1957)

1. Two persons in psychological contact.
2. client = incongruent, vulnerable, anxious
3. therapist = congruent & integrated
4. therapist has unconditional positive regard for client.
5. therapist has empathic understanding of client and communicates this to client.
6. therapist can successfully communiciate empathy and unconditional positive regard.

Question 17

Emotion-Focused Therapies

Answer 17

Greenberd & Paivio, 1997

Question 18

Empirical support for psychodynamic therapy?

Answer 18

• Abbass et al. (2006): 23 RCT for short-term (<40 hrs) psychodynamic had effect size of .97 for general symptom improvement.
• Westen (1998): support for concepts of unconscious, defenses, conflicted feelings
• Shapiro et al. (1994): psychodynamic-interpersonal equivalent to CBT for depression
• Leichsenring & Leibing (2003): CBT & psychodynamic both efficacious for personality disorders

Question 19

Narrative therapy explores how what is used to construct and maintain problems?

Answer 19

Language (Etchison & Kleist, 2000)

Question 20

According to Gestalt therapy, what is the primary cue that a person is in a reactive/regressive state?

Answer 20

defensiveness (fight, flight, or freeze)

Dierks, 1996

Question 21

What is the citation for our counseling theories book?

Answer 21

Corey, 2009

Question 22

When are empty chair exercises appropriate?

Answer 22

Unfinished business with another person:
●difficulty separating or terminating a relationship
●traumatic, stress-inducing, or victimization experiences

Question 23

When are 2-chair exercises appropriate?

Answer 23

Standards and expectations conflict with feelings and needs.
●Failure to meet needs –>confusion & no clarity.
●Failure to meet standards –>negative self-eval and loss of self-worth.