multicellular organisms-animal transport Flashcards
what is plasma and what is its function?
plasma is the liquid part of the blood, it’s job is to carry glucose, nutrients, and hormones around the body
what does blood do?
transports nutrients, oxygen, and carbon dioxide
what does blood contain?
-red blood cells
-white blood cells
-plasma
what is red blood cells main function?
to transport, and carry oxygen
how are red blood cells specialised to their function?
they have:
-biconcave shape to maximise surface area
-no nucleus allow more space for oxygen
-contains haemoglobin to carry oxygen in the form of oxy-haemoglobin
what is a pathogen?
a disease-causing organism e.g. bacteria, viruses, or fungi
what are white blood cells?
part of the immune system and are involved in destroying pathogens
what are the 2 main types of white blood cell?
phagocytes and lymphocytes
how do phagocytes destroy pathogens?
they identify the pathogen as foreign, then they engulf the pathogen, and then they digest the pathogen / break it down with enzymes
how do lymphocytes destroy pathogens?
they produce antibodies to destroy pathogens, each antibody is specific to a particular pathogen
what is the pathway of blood through the circulatory system?
body -> vena cava -> right atrium -> right ventricle -> pulmonary artery -> lungs -> pulmonary vein -> left atrium -> left ventricle -> aorta (then back to the body where the cycle begins again)
what do valves do?
prevent the backflow of bood
where are the valves in the heart?
between the atria and ventricles, and between the ventricles and vessels
how does the heart muscle receive its own blood supply?
via the coronary artery
what are the 3 types of blood vessels?
-capillaries
-veins
-arteries
describe arteries:
they have thick, muscular walls, a narrow central channel, and carry blood at high pressures away from the heart
describe veins:
veins have thinner walls than arteries, a wide central channels, and carry blood under low pressure towards the heart, they also contain valves to prevent the backflow of blood
describe capillaries:
capillaries are thin walled and have a large surface area, forming networks at tissues and organs to allow efficient exchange of materials
where do we get oxygen and nutrients from?
from food
why must oxygen and nutrients be absorbed into the bloodstream?
so that they can be delivered to cells for respiration
what must be removed from cells into the bloodstream?
waste materials such as carbon dioxide
what do tissues contain and why?
they contain capillary networks to allow the exchange of materials at cellular level
what surfaces are involved in the absorption of materials?
-alveoli in the lungs
-villi in the small intestines
what features do surfaces involved in absorption of materials have in common?
-large surface area
-thin walls
-extensive blood supply
what are lungs?
gas exchange organs
what do lungs consist of and why?
a large number of alveoli in order to have increased surface area for oxygen to be absorbed to the many blood capillaries and carbon dioxide to be absorbed from the many blood capillaries
how is oxygen absorbed in the lungs?
oxygen is absorbed through the thin alveolar walls TO the many blood capillaries
how is carbon dioxide absorbed in the lungs?
carbon dioxide is absorbed through the thin alveolar walls FROM the many blood capillaries
what are carbohydrates broken down into in the small intestine?
glucose
what are proteins broken down into in the small intestine?
amino acids
what are fats broken down into in the small intestine?
fatty acids and glycerol
where are the nutrients from food absorbed in the small intestines?
the villi
what does each villi contain?
-a network of blood capillaries to absorb glucose and amino acids,
-a lacteal to absorb fatty acids and glycerol
what is a lacteal?
part of the villi which absorbs fatty acids and glycerol from the small intestine into the blood stream
