control and communication Flashcards
what is a sensory neurone?
first neuron in a pathway that recieves a stimulus from a receptor
what does the CNS consist of?
consists of brain and spinal chord
what is the medulla?
the part of the brain which controls the heart rate and breathing rate
what does the nervous system consist of?
consists of central nervous system and other nerves
what is the cerebrum?
it is the part of the brain which controls conscious thought, reasoning and imagination
what is a neurone?
the cell of the nervous system and other nerves
what is the cerebellum?
the part of the brain which controls balance and coordination
what is the inter neurone?
it is the second neurone in a pathway that transmits a message from a sensory neurone to a motor neurone
what is an effector?
a muscle or gland that recieves the message from a motor neurone enabling it to respond
what is the reflex arc?
the arrangement of the three types of neurone
what is the motor neurone?
it is the last neurone in a nerve pathway that enables a response to be made by an effector
what is a receptor?
it is a sense organ that detects a stimulus and passes it on to the sensory neurone
what is a synapse?
a tiny space between two neurones over which a chemical is released to carry on the nerve impulse from one neurone to the next
what is the liver?
it is a gland which releases glucose from glycogen breakdown if glucagon is present, it stores glucose as glycogen is insulin if present
what is a hormone?
it is a type of protein chemical messenger produced by an endocrine gland that travels through the bloodstream to cause a response elsewhere in the body
what is insulin?
a hormone produced by the pancreas when glucose is high
what is an endocrine gland?
a gland that produces and releases hormones
what is a complementary receptor?
it is a protein molecule on the surface of target cells that binds specifically to a hormone to carry out a specific response
what is glucagon?
it is a hormone produced by the pancreas when glucose is low, it stimulates the breakdown of glycogen to glucose in the liver
what is glycogen?
it is the storage carbohydrate produced in the liver from glucose
what is the target cell/tissue?
it is the cell which a hormone will bind to by a specific receptor to carry out its action
what is the pancreas?
it is the endocrine gland which releases insulin and glucagon
what is the central nervous system responsible for?
sending, receiving, and interpreting information from all parts of the body
what does the nervous system monitor, and what does it respond to?
it monitors internal organ functions and responds to changes in the external environment
what can the nervous system be split into?
-the central nervous system
-other nerves
what do electrical impulses move along, and why?
they move along specific neurons to pass messages to the CNS from all over the body
what does the CNS do?
it sorts out the information sent by electrical impulses to muscles and glands which can make an appropriate response. this is a short lived response
what is the flowchart from electrical impulses to the response?
stimulus -> receptor ->sensory neuron -> inter neurone -> motor neurone -> effector -> response
what are stimulus?
they are your 5 senses, seeing, hearing, smelling, touching, and tasting
what is the place where 2 neurons meet called?
a synapse
what happens when an electrical impulse arrives at the end of one neuron?
it causes the release of chemicals
what do the chemicals released by electrical impulses do?
they diffuse across the synapse and bind with receptors on the next neuron, triggering another impulse
what does the sensory neuron do?
it passes information from a receptor to the CNS
what does the inter neuron do?
it operates within the CNS to transfer impulses from sensory neurons to motor neurons
what do motor neurons do?
they carry impulses from CNS/inter neuron to the effector (muscle or gland)
what does rapid reflex action provide?
it provides protection against possible harmful stimuli
what is a motor neuron connected to?
an effector
what is released by endocrine glands?
hormones which are chemical messangers
what do endocrine glands bring about?
changes in the body
what does a hormone bind to, and what does this cause?
a specific receptor on the cells surface and causes changes to occur inside the cell
can the changes caused by hormones have long lasting effects?
YES!!!!
what are some of the long lasting effects of hormones changes?
menstrual control by the hormones oestrogen and progesterone
what are nerve messages?
they are electrical messages which travel very fast in the nerves
what are hormone messages?
they are chemical messages which travel very slow in the blood
what makes blood glucose levels increase?
a meal
what makes blood glucose levels decrease?
exercise or fasting
what happens when insulin is released by the pancreas?
glucose is taken in by cells and converted to glycogen for storage in the liver
what happens when glucagon is release by the pancreas?
glycogen is broken down into glucose in the liver
