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NAT5 Biology > control and communication > Flashcards

control and communication Flashcards

1
Q

what is a sensory neurone?

A

first neuron in a pathway that recieves a stimulus from a receptor

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2
Q

what does the CNS consist of?

A

consists of brain and spinal chord

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3
Q

what is the medulla?

A

the part of the brain which controls the heart rate and breathing rate

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4
Q

what does the nervous system consist of?

A

consists of central nervous system and other nerves

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5
Q

what is the cerebrum?

A

it is the part of the brain which controls conscious thought, reasoning and imagination

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6
Q

what is a neurone?

A

the cell of the nervous system and other nerves

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7
Q

what is the cerebellum?

A

the part of the brain which controls balance and coordination

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8
Q

what is the inter neurone?

A

it is the second neurone in a pathway that transmits a message from a sensory neurone to a motor neurone

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9
Q

what is an effector?

A

a muscle or gland that recieves the message from a motor neurone enabling it to respond

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10
Q

what is the reflex arc?

A

the arrangement of the three types of neurone

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11
Q

what is the motor neurone?

A

it is the last neurone in a nerve pathway that enables a response to be made by an effector

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12
Q

what is a receptor?

A

it is a sense organ that detects a stimulus and passes it on to the sensory neurone

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13
Q

what is a synapse?

A

a tiny space between two neurones over which a chemical is released to carry on the nerve impulse from one neurone to the next

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14
Q

what is the liver?

A

it is a gland which releases glucose from glycogen breakdown if glucagon is present, it stores glucose as glycogen is insulin if present

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15
Q

what is a hormone?

A

it is a type of protein chemical messenger produced by an endocrine gland that travels through the bloodstream to cause a response elsewhere in the body

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16
Q

what is insulin?

A

a hormone produced by the pancreas when glucose is high

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17
Q

what is an endocrine gland?

A

a gland that produces and releases hormones

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18
Q

what is a complementary receptor?

A

it is a protein molecule on the surface of target cells that binds specifically to a hormone to carry out a specific response

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19
Q

what is glucagon?

A

it is a hormone produced by the pancreas when glucose is low, it stimulates the breakdown of glycogen to glucose in the liver

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20
Q

what is glycogen?

A

it is the storage carbohydrate produced in the liver from glucose

21
Q

what is the target cell/tissue?

A

it is the cell which a hormone will bind to by a specific receptor to carry out its action

22
Q

what is the pancreas?

A

it is the endocrine gland which releases insulin and glucagon

23
Q

what is the central nervous system responsible for?

A

sending, receiving, and interpreting information from all parts of the body

24
Q

what does the nervous system monitor, and what does it respond to?

A

it monitors internal organ functions and responds to changes in the external environment

25
Q

what can the nervous system be split into?

A

-the central nervous system
-other nerves

26
Q

what do electrical impulses move along, and why?

A

they move along specific neurons to pass messages to the CNS from all over the body

27
Q

what does the CNS do?

A

it sorts out the information sent by electrical impulses to muscles and glands which can make an appropriate response. this is a short lived response

28
Q

what is the flowchart from electrical impulses to the response?

A

stimulus -> receptor ->sensory neuron -> inter neurone -> motor neurone -> effector -> response

29
Q

what are stimulus?

A

they are your 5 senses, seeing, hearing, smelling, touching, and tasting

30
Q

what is the place where 2 neurons meet called?

A

a synapse

31
Q

what happens when an electrical impulse arrives at the end of one neuron?

A

it causes the release of chemicals

32
Q

what do the chemicals released by electrical impulses do?

A

they diffuse across the synapse and bind with receptors on the next neuron, triggering another impulse

33
Q

what does the sensory neuron do?

A

it passes information from a receptor to the CNS

34
Q

what does the inter neuron do?

A

it operates within the CNS to transfer impulses from sensory neurons to motor neurons

35
Q

what do motor neurons do?

A

they carry impulses from CNS/inter neuron to the effector (muscle or gland)

36
Q

what does rapid reflex action provide?

A

it provides protection against possible harmful stimuli

37
Q

what is a motor neuron connected to?

A

an effector

38
Q

what is released by endocrine glands?

A

hormones which are chemical messangers

39
Q

what do endocrine glands bring about?

A

changes in the body

40
Q

what does a hormone bind to, and what does this cause?

A

a specific receptor on the cells surface and causes changes to occur inside the cell

41
Q

can the changes caused by hormones have long lasting effects?

A

YES!!!!

42
Q

what are some of the long lasting effects of hormones changes?

A

menstrual control by the hormones oestrogen and progesterone

43
Q

what are nerve messages?

A

they are electrical messages which travel very fast in the nerves

44
Q

what are hormone messages?

A

they are chemical messages which travel very slow in the blood

45
Q

what makes blood glucose levels increase?

A

a meal

46
Q

what makes blood glucose levels decrease?

A

exercise or fasting

47
Q

what happens when insulin is released by the pancreas?

A

glucose is taken in by cells and converted to glycogen for storage in the liver

48
Q

what happens when glucagon is release by the pancreas?

A

glycogen is broken down into glucose in the liver

NAT5 Biology (11 decks)

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