Module 2 Flashcards
What are hormones?
Hormones are a type of protein which carry specific messages in the bloodstream of living organisms
What are antibodies?
Antibodies are a type of protein which provide specific defence against body invaders such as certain bacteria and viruses
What is the general action of enzymes?
The substrate binds to the enzyme’s active site, then the substrate is broken down into 2 product molecules by the enzyme
Can enzymes be used more than once?
Yes, because enzyme molecules are unchanged by their activity, therefore each enzyme can catalyse a chemical reaction and be used again.
What is the active site?
The active site is the position on the surface of an enzyme molecule to which specific substrate molecules can bind.
What is a catalyst?
A catalyst is a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction by reducing the energy required to start it.
What is denatured?
When the shape of the active site of an enzyme is altered, making the enzyme no longer able to carry out its chemical reaction
What is “Optimum”?
“Optimum” is the conditions such as temperature and pH at which an enzyme works best, or is most active
What is a product?
A product is a substance made by a chemical reaction.
What is “Specific”?
Specific is when each different enzyme acts on one substrate only.
What is the substrate?
The substrate is the substance on which an enzyme works.
What is a gene?
A gene is the part of a chromosome that contains the genetic information for a protein
What is a human growth hormone?
A human growth hormone is a protein that can be made in GM bacteria. It is used to treat a type of dwarfism.
What is a Plasmid?
A plasmid is a small circular piece of bacteria DNA that can be used to transfer genes from the cell of one organism to the cell of another organism
What is genetic engineering?
Genetic engineering is the artificial modification of Genetic information from one cell of one species to one cell of another species.
What does “Structural” refer to?
It refers to the proteins in membranes, muscle, bone, etc.
What is a synthesis reaction?
A synthesis reaction is when smaller substrates build up into larger products.
What is a Degradation reaction?
A degradation reaction is when a group of enzymes break down large molecules into smaller ones.
What is “Complementary”?
Complementary is the way a substrate fits into the enzyme’s active site.
Name a genetically engineered product and why it’s useful?
Insulin is a genetically modified product, and it is useful because it helps to treat diabetic people
Describe the process of Genetic Engineering?
- Gene is located in the human source chromosome.
- Gene is removed from the chromosome using enzymes.
- Plasmid removed from the bacteria cell and cut open using an enzyme.
- Gene is inserted into plasmid and sealed using an enzyme.
- The modified plasmid is inserted into the bacteria cell to create a GM organism.
- Bacteria cells divide and produce product which can be extracted and purified in large.
What enzymes break down starch?
Amylase
What does amylase break down starch into?
Maltose
Are starch molecules large or small?
Large
What does the sequence of amino acids determine?
It determines the shape of the protein and therefore the enzyme
How many type of substances will an enzyme bind to?
Only 1 as each active site of an enzyme has a different shape from any others
Why can enzymes only react to one substrate?
Because the active site is complementary to its subsrate
What can starch be synthesised from?
Smaller glucose molecules
What enzyme speeds up the synthesis of starch?
Phosphorylase
What is the optimum temperature of an enzyme?
37 degrees C
When does an enzyme react?
When its at its optimum conditions
When happens when an enzyme goes beyond its optimum temperature?
It becomes denatured
What is an enzyme used for in genetic engineering?
Used to cut out a gene from a chromosome or cut open a plasmid
What makes results reliable?
Repeating the experiment, and calculating the average
What makes an experiment valid?
Only changing one variable. (Volumes, concentration, temperature, pH)
What should conclusions use?
A word from the aim.
What are the advantages to using micro-organisms?
They contribute to digestion
