Multi-Kingdom Crisis 1637-42: Opposition across the realm and SP Flashcards
How did Charles cause the Scottish Rebellion?
Give 2 points
His lack of consultation threatened the independence of the representational bodies e.g. plmt and the kirk
Ignored their growing discontent over the imposition of religious uniformity, especially through the episcopacy
When did opposition first become evident?
1637 riot in St. Giles’ Cathedral led to more demonstrations in Glasgow and Edinburgh - forced PC to leave in Oct 1637
What did Charles’ refusal to grant concessions to the Scots trigger?
Feb 1638 Pres. radicals Archibald Johnston of Wariston and Alexander Henderson formulated Scottish National Covenanters - manifesto against religious policy and maintained Pres. as Scottish religion
What did Charles do to allow him time to raise an army against the Scots?
Allowed them to call a religious General Assembly at Glasgow in Sept 1638
What measures did the General Assembly of the Covenanters challenge?
Annulled Laud’s canon laws and abolished the episcopacy
How did Charles’ initial army compare to the Covenanter force?
Charles’ army was 15,000 strong by Apr 1639 - poorly trained and low morale
Scots were motivated, united and experienced - led by Scot mercenaries from the 30 years war
What did Charles do to avoid calling plmt in 1639?
Negotiated the Truce of Berwick in June 1639 - agreed to dual disbandment and a General Assembly of the Scottish Church at Edinburgh and plmt
Covenanters distrusted Charles - refusing to disband while assembly dismantled royal power in Scotland
Why did Charles recall Thomas Wentworth in 1639?
Lord Deputy of Ireland returned in Sept 1639
Advised Charles to call a plmt for war subsidies - SP failed and Scots crossed river Tweed in 1640
What did the occupation of Newcastle force Charles to do?
As the coal economy was centred there, in Oct, Charles was forced to accept the Treaty of Ripon - stated he would pay the army’s living costs while on English soil - £850 a day
He had to call a second plmt to obtain the funds to pay as a result
What were the 4 factions in Ireland by 1629?
Irish Catholics, Old English, Scot Pres and New English
TWE did England control Ireland?
Though the 1608 plantation policy brought over more settlers, control was limited to Dublin and the Pale - yet were more radical and resented Laud’s impositions
What did Wentworth’s appointment as Lord Deputy entail?
Give 3 results
Enhanced power of the crown and CofE over Irish
Increased customs duties
Authoritarian style of governance alienated the different groups and with his departure tensions rose
When did the Irish Rebellion begin?
Oct 1641 - Irish Catholics launched a pre-emptive strike against Protestants in Ulster, killing at least 3,000, although the figure was exaggerated by contemporary sources
What fears did the Irish Rebellion stir in England?
Give 2 concerns
Created fears that Catholic influence may spread into England
Phelim O’Neill’s forged document, the ‘Catholic Wave’, suggested Charles had given them his support
How was opposition against Charles’ policies in England initiated?
Nobles like William Fiennes brought legal action against ship money and John Hampden was taken to court for non-payment in Nov 1637