CWI: Scotland, Ireland and England Flashcards
How did the Covenanters consolidate support after the Treaty of Ripon?
Give 2 points
Grew in strength - prevented royalists from undertaking a large scale campaign
Solemn League and Covenant - alliance with plmt formed in 1643
How did the Covenanters contribute to CWI?
Sent an army south to aid the plmt forces - alienated some Scottish nobles
Though Montrose initially had multiple victories in 1644-45, little material gain and support from Charles meant highlanders returned home
Force of 6,000 crushed Montrose at Philiphaugh in Sept 1645 - ended Charles’ military hopes in Scotland
How did sides form in Ireland at the start of CWI?
Irish Catholics and Old English formed a confederation in May 1642 - controlled most of Ireland
Ulster Protestants and Dubin forces under Earl of Ormond opposed them - bolstered by 10,000 Scot troops funded by plmt
How was Charles able to bring men from Ireland over?
He ordered Ormond to negotiate a truce with the Catholic Confederation in Sept 1643 - one year cessation
Brought 22,000 Irish troops, Catholic and Protestant, to England between Oct 1643 and June 1644 to aid his royalist forces
How did the cessation in Ireland damage Charles’ efforts?
Give 2 points
Compounded plmt propaganda of Charles as having crypto-Catholic motivations and intentions
Prompted the Solemn League and Covenant
How was the cessation enforced?
Ormond signed a peace treaty with the confederates in March 1646
How did Irish military success affect the war efforts in England?
June 1646
Owen Roe O’Neill won battle at Benburb - Gaelic Irish over Covenanters - Catholic Irish were less inclined to identify a common cause with Charles now, reducing his ability to mobilise Irish troops
How did the royalists have the opportunity to take London early into the war?
Following indecisive battle of Edgehill, Charles marched on London, but was too slow and not supported by Earl of Newcastle - enabled Essex to arrive before him
How did plmt defend London?
24,000 from the London trained bands defended the capital in Nov 1642 - forced the royals back to Turnham Green
How strong were the English royal and plmt forces at the start of the war?
20,000 strong each roughly
How successful was the royalist war effort
Not particularly - won some battles like Adwalton Moor June 1643 and took Bristol in July, but relatively insignificant and did not hamper plmt ability to fight
How was the second royalist attempt to take London halted?
Battle of Newbury in Sept 1643 - another stalemate
What happened at Marston Moor?
July 1644
Fairfax and northern plmt forces joined EA and Scots to face combined armies of Newcastle and Rupert
Largest CW battle and lost due to failure of the royalist commanders to communicate
How did the royalists attempt to compensate for their defeat at Marston Moor?
Had several victories in ensuing months e.g. Lostwithiel in Sept 1644 and Battle of Naseby Oct 1644
How did the plmt defeats after Marston Moor prompt military reform?
These defeats were primarily suffered due to poor leadership - reorganisation was necessary
NMA was formed under Farifax and Cromwell by Committee of Both Kingdoms in 1644
