Mucous membranes

Question 1

Mucus

Answer 1

Viscid, sticky secretion rich in muffins and produced by mucous membranes

Question 2

Mucous

Answer 2

Covered with mucus

Question 3

Mucus membrane

Answer 3

Lining of a body cavity/passage which communicates with outside body

Question 4

Layers of mucosal membrane

Answer 4

Muscularis mucosa, lamina propria, epithelium

Question 5

What are the two forms of mucin?

Answer 5

Gel-forming - secreted and forms large, mesh-like networks

Transmembrane - remains attached to cells

Question 6

What are ENaCs regulated by?

Answer 6

SPLUNC1

Question 7

Mucin roles

Answer 7

Maintain mucus structure and high water content
Nourishes microbes and stimulates immune system
Provides framework for mucus to be organised
Secreted by goblet cells or foveolar cells in stomach

Question 8

What is an adenocarcinoma?

Answer 8

Malignancy arising from epithelial cells of glands/gland like structures - colon or lung

Question 9

Levels of T staging

Answer 9

Tis = mucosa, no further
T1 = submucosa
T2 = muscle layer of bowel 
T3 = serosa 
T4 = through serosa and membrane covering bowel

Question 10

Levels of N staging

Answer 10

N0 = no LNs contain cancer cells 
N1 = cancer cells in up to 3 nearby LNs
N2 = >4 LN affected

Question 11

Levels of M staging

Answer 11

M0 = confined to one area
M1 = spread to distant organs

Question 12

CF

Answer 12

Defective CFTR
CFTR transports Cl- and HCO3- into airway → water follows Cl- and HCO3- by osmosis → Na+ absorbed via ENaC → contributes to airway surface liquid hydration and mucous transport

Question 13

How is the exocrine pancreas affected by CF?

Answer 13

Exocrine glands secrete digestive enzymes
Thick mucus obstructs ducts
Reduced enzyme secretion
Any secretions that do reach intestine are degraded by gastric acid
Malabsorption, inflammation and fibrosis

Question 14

Organs affected by CF

Answer 14

• GIT - meconium ileus at birth
• Liver/biliary ductal system blockage
• Skin - reduced reabsorption of Cl- and Na+ via ENaC = fluid loss and salty skin

Question 15

Acute inflammation

Answer 15

days to weeks
tissue damage due to trauma, infection, noxious compounds
neutrophils, mast cells, dendritic cells, macrophages

Question 16

Chronic inflammation

Answer 16

Months to years
Source is unresolved/exposure to irritant or foreign materials
Macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells, fibroblasts