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BACTE 1 > MT: STAPH, STREP, ENTERO > Flashcards

MT: STAPH, STREP, ENTERO Flashcards

Midterms Lesson 1

1
Q

Staphylococcus, Genera from the Family _____

A

Micrococcaceae

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2
Q

Greek word “Staphyle” means

A

bunch of grapes,

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3
Q

Greek word “Kokkos” = means

A

berry

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4
Q

Staphylococcus are ____ anaerobes (capable of growth both aerobically and anaerobically)

A

Facultative anaerobes

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5
Q

Gram Positive cocci, arranged in CLUSTERS or tetrads

A

Staphylococcus

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6
Q

first to see staphylococci in pus specimen

A

Robert Koch

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7
Q

first to cultivate in liquid medium

A

Louis Pasteur

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8
Q

named the bacteria as ‘staphylococcus’

A

Sir Alexander Ongston

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9
Q

3 important human Staphylocci species

A
  1. Staphylococcus aureus
  2. Staphylococcus epidermidis
  3. Staphylococcus saprophyticus
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10
Q

Based on pigment formation on Nutrient Agar- golden yellow pigment

A

S. aureus

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11
Q

Based on pigment formation on Nutrient Agar. white pigment

A

S. epidermidis

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12
Q

Based on pigment formation on Nutrient Agar. bright yellow pigment

A

S. saprophyticus

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13
Q

Pathogenic staph

A

S. aureus

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14
Q

Less Pathogenic staph

A

S. epidermidis, S. saprophyticus

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15
Q

what test has a POSITIVE REACTION = bubble formation after drops of H2O2

A

Catalase test

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16
Q

Staph that is positive on Coagulase test

A

S. aureus

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17
Q

Staph that is negative on Coagulase test

A

S. epidermidis, S. saprophyticus

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18
Q

S. aureus possesses ____ enzyme which causes blood clot formation

A

COAGULASE enzyme

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19
Q

Based on Novobiocin Susceptibility Test. S. epidermidis

A

SENSITIVE

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20
Q

Based on Novobiocin Susceptibility Test. 2. S. saprophyticus -

A

RESISTANT

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21
Q

Gr (+) cocci in clusters

A

Staphylococcus aureus

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22
Q

Staphylococcus aureus. Generally in ____ um diameter

A

0.5 -1.5um

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23
Q

Staphylococcus aureus. Natural Habitat:

A

Skin, Upper Respiratory Tract

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24
Q

S. aureus. Opt. Temp for growth

A

37C

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25
Q

S. aureus. Opt. pH for growth

A

7.5

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26
Q

S. aureus. Color on Nutrient agar

A

Golden yellow and opaque colonies

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27
Q

S. aureus. Color on Blood agar

A

golden yellow colonies surrounded by a clear zone of hemolysis

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28
Q

S. aureus. Color on MacConkey agar

A

smaller colonies with pink color due to lactose fermentation

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29
Q

S. aureus. Color on Mannitol salt agar

A

yellow colonies

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30
Q

useful selective medium for recovering S. aureus from faecal specimens when investigating food poisoning

A

Mannitol salt agar

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31
Q

S. aureus. Virulence factors. Cell wall associated structures

A

Peptidoglycan
Capsule
protein A
Clumping factor (bound coagulase)

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32
Q

S. aureus. Virulence factors. Extracellular toxins

A

Haemolysin
Leukocidin
Enterotoxin
TSST
Exfoliatin toxin

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33
Q

S. aureus. Virulence factors. Coagulase

A

Staphylokinase
DNAase
Phosphatase
lipase
Phospholipase
hyaluronidase
serokinase
protease

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34
Q

ability to cause
damage to its host

A

Virulence

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35
Q

Toxins are ____ which can
stimulate the immune system causing massive cytokine release

A

SUPERANTIGENS

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36
Q

massive cytokine release causes

A

SEPSIS

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37
Q

MOT of S. aureus

A

Person with lesion
Airborne droplets
Asymptomatic carrier
Cross-infection

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38
Q

Clinical Diseases in S. aureus

A
  1. Impetigo
  2. Folliculitis
  3. Furuncles (boils) and carbuncles
  4. Osteomyelitis
  5. Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome (Ritters disease)
  6. Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS)
  7. Food Poisoning
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39
Q

localized skin infection characterized by pus-filled vesicles (when ruptured, they form yellowish marks) on a reddened or erythematous base; seen mostly in children on their face and limbs

A

Impetigo

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40
Q

inflammation of the hair follicles

A

Folliculitis

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41
Q

large pus-filled skin nodules, can progress to deeper layers of the skin and spread into the blood and other body areas

A

Furuncles (boils) and carbuncles

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42
Q
  • inflammation of the bones via bloodstream or through the injury
  • Clinical features: Pain, Swelling, Deformity,
A

Osteomyelitis

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43
Q

caused by the EXFOLIATIN TOXIN which target the desmoglein 1 complex in
the zona granulosa of the epidermis, resulting in skin exfoliation

A

Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome (Ritters disease)

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44
Q
  • cause by TSS toxin
  • acute-onset illness characterized by fever, hypotension, sunburn
    -like rash, and end-organ damage (life threatening)
A

Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS)

45
Q

associated with the use of Tampons

A

Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS)

46
Q

-caused by consuming foods with ENTEROTOXIN
- Poultry and uncooked meat products such as ham or corned
beef
- Symptoms: Nausea, Vomiting, Diarrhea, Abdominal pain and
cramping

A

Food Poisoning

47
Q

Treatment S. aureus

A

Antibiotic therapy
Wound drainage
Device removal
Removal of dead tissue

48
Q

Treatment S. aureus. Antibiotic Therapy

A
  1. Cephalosporins, Penicillins,
  2. Clindamycin
  3. Cloxacillin, Nafcillin,
  4. Vancomycin
49
Q

group of gram-positive bacteria that are genetically distinct from other strains of
Staphylococcus aureus

A

Methicillin Resistant S. aureus (MRSA)

50
Q

Developed a multiple drug resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics ( Methicillins)

A

Methicillin Resistant S. aureus (MRSA)

51
Q

common in hospitals, prisons, and nursing homes, where people with open wounds, invasive devices such as catheters, and weakened immune systems are at
greater risk of healthcare-associated infection

A

Methicillin Resistant S. aureus (MRSA)

52
Q

Methicillin Resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Treatment antibiotics

A

Vancomycin

52
Q
A
53
Q

Normal flora of the skin. Not usually pathogenic however patients with compromised immune systems are
at risk of developing infection

A

Staphylococcus epidermidis

54
Q

Most infections are hospital acquired. Common cause of bacterial endocarditis in patients with valvular prostheses

A

Staphylococcus epidermidis

55
Q

Staphylococcus epidermidis. Major Virulence Factor –

A

formation of BIOFILMS on plastic devices

56
Q

Primarily responsible for FOOT ODOR

A

Staphylococcus epidermidis

57
Q

Staphylococcus epidermidis
ID:

A
  1. Microscopy
  2. Culture
  3. Biochemical Tests: Catalase (+), Coagulase (-)
58
Q

Staphylococcus epidermidis. Treatment

A

Vancomycin

59
Q

Normal flora of the female genital tract and perineum
2nd Common cause of Acute UTI in women in reproductive years

A

Staphylococcus saprophyticus

60
Q

Staphylococcus saprophyticus.
Source of specimen: ___ 🡪 Microscopy, Culture

A

Urine

61
Q

Staphylococcus saprophyticus. Treatment:

A

Quinolones

62
Q

Gram POSITIVE cocci in CHAINS

A

Streptococcus

63
Q

Streptococcus. From the family

A

SPTREPTOCOCCACEAE

64
Q

FASTIDIOUS bacteria which require enriched media (Blood Agar)

A

Streptococcus

65
Q

Sensitive to DRYING, HEAT, DISINFECTANTS

A

Streptococcus

66
Q

Based on Hemolytic reaction on Blood. _____ toxin

A

STREPTOLYSIN toxin

67
Q

Based on Hemolytic reaction on Blood – STREPTOLYSIN toxin. (_____ Classification)

A

Browns Classification

68
Q

base on the precipitins of CHO like antigens on the Cell wall (Polysaccharide and TECHOIC Acid in their cell wall)

A

Lancefield Group of Classification

69
Q

Hemolytic reaction types

A
  1. Beta Hemolysis
  2. Alpha Hemolysis
  3. Gamma Hemolysis
70
Q
  • complete hemolysis/clearing on the zone of hemolysis
  • appear as lightened yellow or transparent
A

Beta Hemolysis

71
Q

Beta Hemolysis. Strep.

A

S. pyogenes, S. agalactiae

72
Q

– incomplete hemolysis
- appear as greenish dark

A

Alpha Hemolysis

73
Q

Alpha Hemolysis. Strep.

A

S. pneumonia, Viridans strep

74
Q

no hemolysis occur. ex. Enterococcus

A

Gamma Hemolysis

75
Q

base on precipitin reactions on CHO like antigens on a specific cell wall polysaccharide; ID by Rebecca Lancefield in 1933

A

Lancefield Group

76
Q

Strep. Classification. Group A

A

S. pyogenes

77
Q

Strep. Classification. Group B

A

S. agalactiae

78
Q

Strep. Classification. Group C –

A

S. dysagalactiae

79
Q

Strep. Classification. Group D –

A

Enterococcus: E. faecialis, E. facium
Non enterococcus: S. bovis

80
Q

Biochemical reactions type

A
  1. Optochin Susceptibility
  2. Bile solubility
  3. Capsule
  4. Bacitracin Susceptibility
  5. CAMP Positive
  6. Enterococcus
  7. Fermentation of Inulin
81
Q

Optochin Susceptibility – Sensitive:

A

S. pneumoniae

82
Q

Optochin Susceptibility – Resistant:

A

Viridans

83
Q

Bile solubility – Soluble:

A

S. Pneumoniae

84
Q

Bile solubility – Insoluble:

A

Viridans

85
Q

Capsule
(+) quellung reaction/Neufeld Reaction

A

S. pneumoniae

86
Q

Capsule. (-) Reaction:

A

Viridans

87
Q

Bacitracin Susceptibility – Sensitive:

A

Group A (S. pyogenes)

88
Q

CAMP Positive –

A

S. agalactiae

89
Q

Fermentation of Inulin – Fermenter:

A

S. pneumonia

90
Q

Fermentation of Inulin. - Non fermenter :

A

Viridans

91
Q

Important Streptococcal species to
Human

A

A. Streptococcus pyogenes
B. Streptococcus agalactiae
C. Streptococcus pneumoniae
D. Viridans Streptococci

92
Q
  • Inhabits throat, Nasopharynx, skin
  • Best growth achieved at pH 7.4-7.6 and temp of 37C
A

Streptococcus pyogenes

93
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes. Important Virulent Factors

A
  1. Enzymes
  2. Toxins
  3. M CHONs
94
Q

Most common cause of bacterial pharyngitis

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

95
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes. Individuals at high risk:

A
  1. 2-3 y.o with poor personal hygiene 🡪 pyoderma
  2. 5-15 y.o. with recurrent pharyngitis 🡪 RF
  3. Pts with soft tissue infection 🡪streptococcal toxic
    shock syndrome
  4. Pts with previous pharyngitis 🡪 RHD, GN
96
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes. Clinical Diseases

A
  1. Pharyngitis
  2. Scarlet fever
  3. Pyoderma
  4. Impetigo
  5. Erysipelas
  6. Cellulitis
  7. Necrotizing fasciitis
  8. Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome
  9. Rheumatic fever
  10. Acute Glomerulonephritis
97
Q
  • reddened pharynx (involving tonsils) with exudates
  • generally present; cervical lymphadenopathy
  • can be prominent
A

Pharyngitis

98
Q
  • complication of strep pharyngitis;
  • causes “strawberry tongue”
A

Scarlet fever

99
Q

localized skin infection with vesicles progressing to pustules; no evidence of systemic disease

A

Pyoderma

100
Q

localized skin infection characterized by pus-filled vesicles (when
ruptured, they form yellowish marks) on a reddened or erythematous
base; seen mostly in children on their face and limbs

A

Impetigo

101
Q

localized skin infection with pain, inflammation, lymph node
enlargement, and systemic symptoms (involve SQ but it is more
demarcated)

A

Erysipelas

102
Q

(similar to erysipelas but it has more irregular borders and
doesn’t have demarcation) skin infection involving the SQ tissues

A

Cellulitis

103
Q

deep skin infection involving destruction of muscle and
fat layers; flesh- eating bacteria

A

Necrotizing fasciitis

104
Q

multiorgan systemic infection resembling staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome but most patients are bacteremic and with evidence of fasciitis

A

Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome

105
Q

non-suppurative complication of strep pharyngitis characterized by inflammatory changes of the heart (pancarditis),
joints (arthralgia, arthritis), blood vessels, and SQ tissues

A

Rheumatic fever

106
Q

non-suppurative complication of strep
pharyngitis or soft tissue infections characterized by acute
inflammation of the renal glomeruli with edema (sequalae
of destruction of renal parenchyma), HTN, hematuria, proteinuria

A

Acute Glomerulonephritis

107
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes. Specimen samples frequently from

A

skin, throat, urine, blood, sputum

108
Q
A

BACTE 1 (9 decks)

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