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BACTE 1 > L3: BACTERIAL GENETICS AND PATHOGENECITY > Flashcards

L3: BACTERIAL GENETICS AND PATHOGENECITY Flashcards

1
Q

study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in organisms

A

Genetics

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2
Q

passing on of traits from parents to their
offspring; either through asexual reproduction or sexual reproduction

A

Heredity

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3
Q

Heredity (also called ____)

A

inheritance

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4
Q

the genetic information

A

Genotype

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5
Q

the observable traits

A

Phenotype

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6
Q

package of DNA with part or all of the genetic material of an organism

A

Chromosome

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7
Q

the molecule that carries genetic information for the development and functioning of an organism

A

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)

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8
Q

the basic building block of the nucleic acids DNA and RNA.

A

Nucleotide

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9
Q

Nucleotide is made up of

A

Nitrogen BASE, sugar molecule, PO4 group

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10
Q

basic unit of HEREDITARY

A

Genes

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11
Q

sequence of nucleotides in DNA that is transcribed to produce a functional RNA

A

Genes

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12
Q

How do Human cells replicate and
multiply?

A

Metosis and Meiosis

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13
Q

How do bacteria replicate and multiply?

A

Binary Fission

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14
Q

haploid genome, single set of chromosomes, carry the genetic information needed for reproduction

A

Bacterial Chromosome

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15
Q

Single, circular double stranded DNA (ssDNA) carry the genetic information needed for reproduction

A

Bacterial Chromosome

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16
Q

extrachromosomal, self-replicating gene elements, non essential, smaller than bacterial chromosomes

A

Plasmids

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17
Q

Plasmids controls:

A
  1. Antibiotic R
  2. Production of Toxins
  3. Synthesis of bacterial virulence factors
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18
Q

also known as PHAGE

A

Bacteriophage

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19
Q

viruses that infect and replicate only in bacterial cells

A

Bacteriophage

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20
Q

consist principally of proteins plus nucleic acid (DNA or RNA, but not both), encode functions required for replication in bacteria

A

Bacteriophage

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21
Q

Bacteriophage enhance bacterial pathogenicity by;

A
  1. transferring genes encoding toxins
  2. duplicating the virulence factors
  3. changing the regulatory sequences controlling bacterial virulence genes
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22
Q

Exchange of Genetic Information (3)

A

Transformation
Transduction
Conjugation

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23
Q

Direct uptake, incorporation and expression of exogenous genetic material from its surrounding

A

TRANSFORMATION

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24
Q

Process of horizontal gene transfer by which some bacteria take up foreign genetic material from the
environment

A

TRANSFORMATION

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25
Q

The prerequisite for bacteria to undergo transformation is its ability to take up free, extracellular genetic material. Susch as bacteria are termed as “___”?

A

Competent cells

26
Q

The process of gene transfer by transformation does not require a living donor cell but only requires the presence of persistent _____ in the environment

27
Q

process by which a virus transfers genetic
material from one bacterium to another, BACTERIOPHAGE

A

TRANSDUCTION

28
Q

the transfer of genetic material between bacterial cells by direct
cell-to-cell contact or by a bridge-like connection between two cells

A

CONJUGATION

29
Q

CONJUGATION takes place through a

30
Q

parasexual mode of reproduction in bacteria

A

CONJUGATION

31
Q

change in the nucleotide sequence and can create new cellular functionalities or lead to the dysfunction of others

A

BACTERIAL MUTATION

32
Q

occur spontaneously or by exposure to mutation-inducing agents, result from errors during DNA replication

A

BACTERIAL MUTATION

33
Q

BACTERIAL MUTATION genetic outcomes

A

Silent mutation
Missense mutation
Nonsense mutation

34
Q

The mutation changes the original codon into another codon that
codes for the same amino acid

A

Silent mutation

35
Q

When a mutation in the sequence causes a codon to code for a
different amino acid

A

Missense mutation

36
Q

A mutant stop codon replaces a wild-type codon, terminating translation resulting in a shortened protein.

A

Nonsense mutation

37
Q

Physical Mutagens of Bacterial Mutation

A

UV, radiation

38
Q

Chemical Mutagens of Bacterial Mutation

A

reactive oxygen species, alkylating
agents

39
Q

Biological Mutagens of Bacterial Mutation

A

Transposons (bet species)

40
Q

Defines the shape of the bacteria

A

Bacterial Cell Wall

41
Q

Bacterial Cell Wall, Some components responsible for Pathogenicity:

A

M protein & Mycolic Acid

42
Q

Bacterial Cell Wall, Main constituent:

A

PEPTIDOGLYCAN

43
Q

Bacterial Cell Wall is part of the ____ reaction

A

Gram Stain

44
Q

_____ cell wall consists of a thicker peptidoglycan on its outer part

A

gram positive cell wall

45
Q

____ cell wall has lipopolysaccharides beyond its outer membrane and peptidoglycan on the middle

A

gram negative cell wall

46
Q

fluid phospholipid bilayer that encloses the bacterial cytoplasm

A

Cytoplasmic Membrane

47
Q

Selective permeable membrane, Site of energy production

A

Cytoplasmic membrane

48
Q

Dormant, tough and non-reproductive structure produced by the bacteria
during unfavorable conditions

A

Endospores

49
Q

Resting cell, resistant to high temperature, desiccant and chemical agents, Compose of Ca and Dipicolinic Acid

A

Endospores

50
Q

Endospores are composed of

A

Calcium and Dipicolinic Acid

51
Q

Increase in virulence by preventing PHAGOCYTOSIS

52
Q

Capsule Increase in virulence by preventing

A

PHAGOCYTOSIS

53
Q

ANTIGENIC, Demonstrated by STAINING method (india ink), Forms colonies which are often slimy

54
Q

Capsule Demonstrated by STAINING method specifically ?

55
Q

Aka FIMBRIAE

56
Q

proteinaceous, filamentous polymeric organelles expressed on the surface of
bacteria, SOMATIC 🡪 Attachment, Helps bacteria to adhere to host cell

57
Q

Hair like appendage that protrudes from the surface of bacteria that is use for
locomotion, Locomotion 🡪 25C, non motile🡪 37C

58
Q

VIRULENCE FACTORS

A
  1. invade the host
  2. cause disease
  3. evade host defenses
59
Q

Adherence Factors

A
  1. Pili
  2. Use to adhere to host cells
60
Q

Antiphagocytic Factors

A
  1. Capsules
  2. M CHON
  3. Mycolic Acid
61
Q

Enzymes

A
  1. Coagulase
  2. Fibrinolysin
  3. Hyaluronidase
  4. IgA1 Protease
62
Q

Toxins

A

Endotoxin
Exotoxin

BACTE 1 (9 decks)

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