MT: NON FERMENTIVE GRAM NEG BACILLI Flashcards by JD Dela Cruz

what are the non fermentive gram negative bacilli

Pseudomonas
Acinetobacter
Flavobacterium
Burkholderia
Alcaligenes
Eikenella
Kingella
Stenotrophomonas
Actinobacillus
Achromobacter
Capnocytophaga
Cardiobacterium

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Gram-negative rods, Motile, Aerobic non-fermenting, Produces blue green pigments

Pseudomonas

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pyocyanin

blue

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pyoverdin

green

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pyorubin

red

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Pseudomonas is Oxidase ___

oxidase positive

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Pseudomonas is found widely in soil, water, plants, animals 🡪 ______

UBIQUITOUS

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Pseudomonas TSI:

K/K -

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Form mucoid colonies as a result of overproduction of
alginate, an exopolysaccharide which appears to provide the
matrix for the organisms to live in a biofilm

Pseudomonas

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Pseudomonas forms mucoid colonies as a result of overproduction of _____

alginate

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(Pseudomonas) Alginate is an exopolysaccharide which appears to provide the
matrix for the organisms to live in a ____ for protection

biofilm

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Growth of pseudomonads on spoiling foods can generate a “____” odor

“fruity”

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Pseudomonas WEAPONS

Pili
Exopolysaccharide
Lipopolysaccharide
Extracellular enzymes
Exotoxin A ADP EF-2

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extend from the cell surface
promote attachment to host epithelial cells

Pili (fimbriae)

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mucoid colonies
Difficult to remove via phagocytosis
cystic fibrosis

Exopolysaccharide

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immunotypes
endotoxic properties of the organism

Lipopolysaccharide

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(Pseudomonas) what are the Extracellular enzymes

Elastases
Proteases
2 Hemolysins

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In Extracellular enzymes, what are the two hemolysins

a heat-labile phospholipase C
heat-stable glycolipid

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tissue necrosis and inflammation
Gram negative shock in septicemia
lethal for animals when injected in purified form
toxin blocks protein synthesis by a mechanism of action identical to that of diphtheria toxin

Exotoxin A ADP EF-2

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Pseudomonas weapon that is resistant to many antimicrobial agents

Lipopolysaccharide

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Weapon of Pseudomonas that causes Fever, Shock, Oliguria, Leukocytosis, Leukopenia, disseminated intravascular
coagulation, adult respiratory distress syndrome

Lipopolysaccharide

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Best studied SIGNIFICANT HUMAN PATHOGEN

Increasingly recognized as an emerging opportunistic pathogen of clinical relevance

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

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Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Low susceptibility to most Antibiotics

antibiotic resistance genes
low permeability of the bacterial cellular envelopes
Chromosomal MUTATION

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Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Clinical Findings

GI colonization
Meningitis
Urinary tract infection
Necrotizing pneumonia
Mild otitis externa
Invasive (malignant) otitis externa
Hemorrhagic necrosis of skin

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Mild otitis externa aka

swimmers ear

invasive (malignant) otitis externa 🡪 ____ patients

diabetic patients

infants or debilitated persons, P. aeruginosa may invade the bloodstream and result in

fatal sepsis

P. aeruginosa. CF. SKIN –

Whirpool associated dermatitis

- occurs often in sepsis due to P. aeruginosa - ecthyma gangrenosum - surrounded by erythema and often do not contain pus

Hemorrhagic necrosis of skin

Diagnostic Laboratory Tests. P. aeruginosa. Sites

skin lesions, pus, urine, blood, spinal fluid, sputum, and other material should be obtained as indicated by the type of infection

P. aeruginosa. Culture. Selective media

Cetrimide Agar

P. aeruginosa should not be treated with

single-drug therapy

penicillin active against P aeruginosa— ____ or ______ —is used in combination with an aminoglycoside, usually ______

ticarcillin or piperacillin tobramycin

is used in primary therapy of P. aeruginosa infections

ceftazidime

nosocomial pathogen, thrives in moist environments, special attention should be paid to sinks, water baths, showers, hot tubs, and other wet areas what bacteria?

P. aeruginosa

- ubiquitous Gram-negative - obligately aerobic - rod-shaped bacteria that are motile by means of single or multiple polar flagella - found in marine environments

Burkholderia

non motile Burkholderia

Burkholderia mallei

small, nonmotile, nonpigmented, aerobic gram-negative rod. Causes GLANDERS disease

Burkholderia mallei

GLANDERS disease is a disease of

horses, mules, and donkeys

in its human infection, inhalation of the organisms may lead to primary pneumonia. Fatal and begins as an ulcer of the skin or mucous membranes. - Lymphangitis and sepsis

Burkholderia mallei

its diagnosis consists of rising - - agglutinin titers - culture of the organism from local lesions of humans or horses - tetracycline plus an aminoglycoside

Burkholderia mallei

formation of nodular lesions in the lungs and ulceration of the mucous membranes in the upper respiratory tract

Glanders Disease

- small, motile, aerobic gram-negative bacillus - mucoid and smooth to rough and wrinkled - cream to orange

Burkholderia pseudomallei

Burkholderia pseudomallei - __ °C and oxidizes glucose and lactose

42 °C

also called Whitmore’s disease

MELIODOSIS

- B. pseudomallei transmitted through the upper airway or nasopharynx - subsequent to a localized suppurative infection and bacteremia - fever and leukocytosis, with consolidation of the upper lobes

melioidosis

most common form of melioidosis is

pulmonary infection🡪 primary pneumonitis

MELIODOSIS found in contaminated ___

soil and water

Treatment Melioidosis

1. Surgical drainage of localized infection 2. tetracycline, sulfonamides, piperacillin, imipenem 3. severe infections should be treated parenterally

- free-living gram-negative rod - lavender-green or gray color - oxidase-negative and lysine decarboxylase-positive - indwelling plastic intravenous catheters

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia

- aerobic gram-negative bacteria - soil and water, nosocomial - resistant to antimicrobial agents (gentamicin, amikacin, or tobramycin and to newer penicillins or cephalosporins)

Aggregatibacter

Aggregatibacter species most commonly isolated

Acinetobacter baumannii

Uncommon Gram-Negative Bacteria, grows slowly - causes severe periodontal disease in adolescents, endocarditis, abscesses, osteomyelitis, and other infections

Aggregatibacter (Actinobacillus) actinomycetemcomitans

Achromobacter and Alcaligenes. What differentiates them from pseudomonas

peritrichous flagella and are motile,

- alkalinize citrate medium and oxidation-fermentation medium - containing glucose - urease-negative - normal human bacterial flora - isolated from respirators, nebulizers, and renal dialysis systems

Achromobacter and Alcaligenes

- slow-growing capnophilic, gram-negative, fusiform or filamentous bacilli - fermentative - facultative anaerobes - require CO2 for aerobic growth

Capnocytophaga

Capnocytophaga motility

gliding motility

- severe periodontal disease in juveniles - bacteremia and severe systemic disease in immunocompromised patients, especially granulocytopenic patients with oral ulcerations

Capnocytophaga

facultatively anaerobic pleomorphic gram-negative rod normal flora of the upper respiratory tract and bowel causes endocarditis

Cardiobacterium hominis

- small, fastidious, capnophilic gram-negative rod - gingival and bowel flora of humans - mixed flora infections associated with contamination by oral mucosal organisms

Eikenella corrodens

human bites/clench fist injury

Eikenella corrodens

Eikenella corrodens resistant to

clindamycin

Eikenella corrodens susceptible to

ampicillin and the newer penicillins and cephalosporins

small, fastidious, capnophilic gram-negative rod, pits in agar

Eikenella corrodens

hemolytic when grown on blood agar, gram-negative rod, but coccobacillary and diplococcal, normal oral flora causes infections of bone, joints, and tendons, endocarditis

Kingella kingae

enters the circulation with minor oral trauma such as tooth brushing susceptible to penicillin, ampicillin, erythromycin, and other antimicrobial drugs

Kingella kingae

Gram-negative non-motile rod-shaped bacteria Several species are known to cause disease in freshwater fish

Flavobacterium

Endocarditis in children (HACEK)

1. Haemophilus (Haemophilus parainfluenzae) 2. Aggregatibacter (Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans Aggregatibacter aphrophilus) 3. Cardiobacterium hominis 4. Eikenella corrodens 5. Kingella (Kingella kingae)