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BACTE 1 > L1: INTRO TO MICROBIOLOGY > Flashcards

L1: INTRO TO MICROBIOLOGY Flashcards

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1
Q

In the word microbiology, “micro” means

A

small

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2
Q

In the word microbiology, “bios” means

A

life

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3
Q

In the word microbiology, “logia” means

A

study

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4
Q

Scientific study of microorganisms, those being of unicellular (single-celled), multicellular (consisting of
complex cells), or acellular (lacking cells)

A

Microbiology

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5
Q

5 SUB DISCIPLINES of MICROBIOLOGY

A

BACTERIOLOGY
VIROLOGY
MYCOLOGY
PARASITOLOGY
IMMUNOLOGY

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6
Q

Prokaryotes consists of ___ & ___

A

bacteria & archea

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7
Q

Eukaryotes consists of ___ & ___

A

Plant cells & Animal cells

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8
Q

what is absent in prokaryotic cells but is present in eukaryotic cells

A

nucleus and cellular organelles

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9
Q

How does bacteria replicate

A

binary fission

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10
Q

Fungi and Parasites. Eukaryotic or Prokaryotic

A

Eukaryotic

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11
Q

bacteria came form the word

A

“baktēría”

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12
Q

“baktēría” means ____ or cane

A

staff

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13
Q

bacteria was first discovered due to its ___ shape

A

rod shape

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14
Q

singular term for bacteria

A

BACTERIUM

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15
Q

plural term for bacteria

A

BACTERIA

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16
Q

bacteria reproduce through

A

binary fission

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17
Q

bacteria size is measured through

A

micron or micrometer

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18
Q

size range of bacteria

A

0.1u to 18u

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19
Q

size of most pathogenic bacteria

A

0.u - 10u

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20
Q

bacteria cause most of ___ infection

A

human infection

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21
Q

how bacteria is named. ____ + _____ = specie

A

Genera + Specific name

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22
Q

The species name of bacteria should be written in ____

A

italic or capitalized first letter

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23
Q

invented compounding of lenses

A

Zacharias Janssen (1570-1638)

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24
Q

modified the basic design of the microscope

A

Robert Hooke (1635-1703)

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25
Q

First to discover the cell

A

Robert Hooke (1635-1703)

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26
Q

described the forms of fungi such as bluish mold on a piece of leather

A

Robert Hooke (1635-1703)

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27
Q

Antony van Leeuwenhoek is the Father of ____

A

Father of Microbiology

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28
Q

first to observe and to experiment with microbes

A

Antony van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)

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29
Q

inventing the process that bears his name, pasteurization

A

Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)

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30
Q

Discover the principle of immunization

A

Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)

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31
Q

known for the isolation of microorganisms causing Anthrax and Tuberculosis.

A

Robert Koch (1843-1910)

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32
Q

developed solid media for culturing bacteria and various techniques to isolate
bacteria.

A

Robert Koch

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33
Q

the Father of Antisepsis developed antiseptic surgical procedures

A

Joseph Lister (1827-1912)

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34
Q

first person to isolate bacteria (Bacillus lactis) in pure form in a liquid culture
form

A

Joseph Lister (1827-1912)

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35
Q

developed the most important staining method in 1884 to visualize bacteria
known as Gram Staining

A

Hans Christian Gram (1853-1938)

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36
Q

1928 discovered the antibiotic Penicillin which has been extensively used
since then

A

Alexander Fleming (1881-1955)

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37
Q

The concept of vaccination was invented by this British physician.

A

Edward Jenner (1749-1823)

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38
Q

non pathogenic organism, their natural habitat is dead organic matter

A

saprophytes

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39
Q

unicellular or metazoan organism living in or on an organism of another species (host) on the expense of the host

40
Q

Classic disease-causing pathogens

A

Pathogenic microorganisms

41
Q

can cause disease in immunocompromised individuals given an “opportune” situation, frequently germs of the normal flora

A

Opportunists or facultatively pathogenic organisms

42
Q

capacity of a pathogen species to cause disease

A

Pathogenicity

43
Q

sum of the disease causing properties of a strain of a pathogenic species

44
Q

Time between infection and manifestation of disease symptoms: can be measures in hours, days, weeks or even years

A

incubation period

45
Q

A parasitological term: time between infection and first appearance of products of sexual reproduction of the pathogen

A

Prepatency

46
Q

the totality of host species “susceptible” to infection by a given pathogen

A

Infection spectrum

47
Q

Smallest number of pathogens sufficient to cause an infection

A

minimum infective dose

48
Q

Method or pathway used by pathogen to invade host

A

mode of infection

49
Q

microbiological presence of microorganisms on objects, in the environment, or in samples for analysis

A

contamination

50
Q

presence of microorganism on skin or mucosa; typical of normal flora

A

colonization

51
Q

invasion of a host organism by microorganisms, proliferation of the invading organisms and host reaction

52
Q

infection without outbreak of clinical symptoms

A

inapparent/sub-clinical INFECTION

53
Q

infection with outbreak of clinical symptoms

A

infectious disease/ clinical infection

54
Q

frequency of clinical manifestation of an infection in disposed individuals

A

probability of manifestation

55
Q

infection arising from the colonizing flora

A

endogenous infection

56
Q

infection arising from invasion of host by microorganisms from sources external to it

A

exogenous infection

57
Q

infection acquired during hospitalization (UTI, infections of the respiratory organs, wound infection, sepsis)

A

nosocomial infection

58
Q

infection that remains restricted to the portal of entry and surrounding area

A

local infection

60
Q

lymphogenous and/or hematogenous spread of invading pathogen from the portal of entry: infection of organs to which pathogen shows a specific affinity

A

generalized infection

61
Q

generalized infection three stages

A

incubation, generalization, organ manifestation

63
Q

6 Factors Affecting Growth of Bacteria

A

Air - O2, CO2
Temperature
pH
Light
Osmotic Pressure
Nutrients

64
Q

bacteria that needs oxygen to live

A

Aerobic Bacteria

65
Q

3 types of aeroebic bacteria/aerobes

A

Obligate aerobes
Facultative aerobes
Microaerophilic bacteria

66
Q

bacteria which can grow only in the present of oxygen

A

Obligate aerobes

67
Q

example of obligate aerobes

A

P. aeruginosa

68
Q

bacteria which are ordinary aerobes but can also grow without oxygen

A

Facultative aerobes

69
Q

E. coli is what type of aerobe?

A

facultative aerobe

70
Q

those bacteria that can grow in the presence of low oxygen and in the presence of low (4%) concentration of carbon dioxide

A

Microaerophilic bacteria

71
Q

example of microaerophilic bacteria

A

Campylobacter jejuni

72
Q

can live without 02, lack superoxide dismutase and catalase hence oxygen is lethal to these organisms

A

anaerobic bacteria

73
Q

bacteria that can grow only in the absence of oxygen

A

obligate anaerobes

74
Q

example of obligate anaerobes

A

Clostridium sp

75
Q

the organisms that require higher amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2) for their growth are called

A

capnophilic bacteria

76
Q

capnophilic bacteria grow well in the presence of ____ CO2 and ____ O2

A

5-10% CO2 and 15% O2

77
Q

ex. of capnophilic bacteria

A

H. influenzae, Brucella abortus

78
Q

optimum temp for bacteria

79
Q

These bacteria are cold loving microbes that grow within a temperature range of 0-20°C. Most of soil and water saprophytes belong to this group.

A

Psychrophiles

80
Q

Psychrophiles example

A

Arthrobacter sp,
Psychrobacter sp

81
Q

These are moderate temperature loving microbes that grow between 25°C and 40°C. Most of pathogenic bacteria belong to this group

A

Mesophiles

82
Q

These are heat loving microbes. They can grow at a high
temperature range of 55°C–80°C. B. stearothermophilus is an example.

A

Thermophiles

83
Q

Most pathogenic bacteria grow between pH ___ and ___

A

7.2 and 7.6.

84
Q

Very few bacteria, such as ____, can grow at acidic pH below 4.0.

A

lactobacilli

85
Q

____ is an example of the bacteria that can grow at an alkaline (8.2–8.9) pH.

A

V. cholerae

86
Q

Depending on the source of energy bacteria make use of, they may be classified as

A

Phototrophs and Chemotrophs

87
Q

bacteria deriving energy from sunlight

A

Phototrophs

88
Q

bacteria deriving energy from chemical sources

A

Chemotrophs

89
Q

Organisms requiring high osmotic pressures are called

A

OSMOPHILIC BACTERIA

90
Q

Sudden exposure of bacteria to hypertonic solution may cause osmotic
withdrawal of water, leading to osmotic shrinkage of the protoplasm which is called

A

plasmolysis

91
Q

On the other hand, sudden transfer of bacteria from concentrated solution to
distilled water may cause excessive imbibition of water leading to swelling and bursting of cell

A

plasmoptysis

92
Q

beneficial uses of bacteria

A

Decay and Decomposition
Soil fertility
Industrial production (dairy products, vinegar fermentation, probiotics)
Medicines (Antibiotics, vaccines, serums)
Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology

93
Q

2 types of immunity

A

innate immunity
adaptive/acquired immunity

94
Q

2 types of innate immunity

A

specific and non specific

95
Q

2 types of adaptive/acquired immunity

A

active and passive

BACTE 1 (9 decks)

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