MT Ch. 7-Respiratory Flashcards
What structures comprise the respiratory system?
nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes, lungs
Three parts of the process of respiration
ventilation, external respiration, and internal respiration
ventilation
flow of air between outside environment and lungs
inhalation
flow of air into lungs, brings oxygen in
exhalation
flow of air out of lungs, removes carbon dioxide from body
external respiration
exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide that takes place in the lungs. oxygen enters bloodstream from lungs, carbon dioxide leaves the bloodstream and enters lungs
internal respiration
exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide at the cellular level. oxygen leaves the bloodstream and is delivered to tissues, and carbon dioxide (formed from metabolism) enters bloodstream from tissues and is transported back to lungs
nares
two external openings in nose where air enters
nasal septum
cartilaginous plate that divides the nasal cavity in half
palate
roof of the mouth; separates nasal cavity from the mouth
mucous membrane
covers walls of nasal cavity, nasal septum, and most of the respiratory tract. secretes mucus
mucus
sticky fluid secreted by mucous membrane that traps dust and bacteria in the air and moisturizes inhaled air
cilia
very small hairs that line the opening of the nose and much of the airways. filter out large dirt particles before they can enter the lungs
paranasal sinuses
air filled cavities located within the facial bones. give resonance to voice during sound production
three parts of the pharynx
nasopharynx (upper), oropharynx (middle), laryngopharynx (lower)
function of tonsils
keep pathogens from entering the body
adenoids/pharyngeal tonsils
located in nasopharynx behind the nose
palatine tonsils
located in oropharynx behind the mouth
lingual tonsils
located in oropharynx behind the mouth
eustachian tube
auditory tube, opening found in nasopharynx. the other end is in the middle ear. it opens to equalize air pressure between the middle ear and outside
vocal cords
located in the larynx. folds of membranous tissue that produce sound by vibrating as air passes through the glottis
glottis
opening between the two vocal cords
epiglottis
flap of cartilaginous tissue above the glottis that keeps food and liquid from being inhaled into the lungs
thyroid cartilage
one of the cartilages that lines the walls of the larynx. forms the adam’s apple. larger in males and helps produce deeper voice
larynx
located between pharynx and trachea
trachea
passageway for air that extends from pharynx and larynx down to main bronchi
bronchus
tube that enters one of the lungs; left and right
bronchioles
narrowest branches of bronchi, end in a small group of air sacs
alveoli
small group of air sacs at the end of a bronchiole; 150 million in each lung
pulmonary capillaries
capillaries from the pulmonary blood vessels that encase the alveolus
respiratory membrane
walls of alveoli and capillaries. exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air in the alveolus and blood in the capillaries takes place across this
lungs
total collection of bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli
pleura
double membrane that protects the lungs
parietal pleura
outer membrane around lungs which also lines the wall of the chest cavity
visceral pleura
inner membrane around lungs which sticks to the surface of the lungs
pleural cavity
sac around each lung
serous fluid
fluid between two layers of the pleura that reduces friction when the two layers rub together
lobes
divisions of the lungs. right lung contains 3 (right upper, right middle, and right lower) and left lung contains 2 (left upper and left lower)
apex
pointed superior portion of the lung
base
broader lower portion of the lung
hilum
area along the medial border of lungs where entry of structures like the bronchi, pulmonary blood vessels, and nerves occur
mediastinum
area between the lungs. contains heart, aorta, esophagus, thymus gland, and trachea
respiratory therapists
conduct pulmonary function tests to help determine the functioning level of the respiratory system
pulmonary function test
measuring the volume of air flowing in and out of the lungs to determine lung capacity
diaphragm
separates the abdomen from the thoracic cavity that contracts to decrease pressure in the thoracic cavity, allowing air to flow into the lungs to equalize the pressure
intercostal muscles
between the ribs; raise the ribcage to enlarge the thoracic cavity to make it easier for air to flow into the lungs
vital signs
VS; respiration, pulse, temperature, skin color, blood pressure, reaction of pupils
anosmia
lack of sense of smell
anoxia
receiving almost no oxygen from inhaled air
aphonia
being unable to produce sounds
apnea
not breathing
asphyxia
lack of oxygen that can lead to unconsciousness and death if not corrected immediately
aspiration
withdrawing fluid from a body cavity using suction
bradypnea
breathing too slowly
bronchiectasis
dilated bronchus
bronchospasm
involuntary muscle spasm of the smooth muscle in the wall of the bronchus
Cheyne-Stokes respiration
abnormal breathing pattern where there are long periods of apnea followed by deeper, rapid breathing. named for a scottish physician and an irish surgeon
clubbing
abnormal widening and thickening of the ends of the fingers and toes associated with chronic oxygen deficiency
crackles
abnormal sound made during inspiration, usually indicates the presence of fluid or mucus in the airways
dysphonia
difficulty producing sounds or producing abnormal sounds
dyspnea
difficult or labored breathing
epistaxis
nosebleed
eupnea
normal breathing
hemoptysis
coughing up blood
hemothorax
blood in the chest cavity
hypercapnia
excessive carbon dioxide in the body
hyperpnea
deep breaths
hypocapnia
insufficient carbon dioxide levels
hypopnea
shallow breathing
hypoxemia
insufficient oxygen in bloodstream
hypoxia
receiving insufficient oxygen from inhaled air
laryngoplegia
paralysis of muscles controlling the larynx
orthopnea
the patient only feels like they can breathe while sitting straight up
patent
open or unblocked, such as a patent airway
pleural rub
grating sound made when the two layers of the pleura rub together during respiration
pleurodynia
pleural pain
pyothorax
pus in the chest cavity
rhonchi
somewhat musical sound during expiration, often found in asthma or infection. aka wheezing
sputum
phlegm or mucus coughed up through the mouth
stridor
high-pitched noisy breathing sound made when there is an obstruction of the bronchus or larynx. sound made in a crouping cough in children
croup
acute respiratory condition in infants and children characterized by barking type of cough or stridor
diphtheria
bacterial upper respiratory infection characterized by formation of thick membranous film across throat and high mortality rate
pertussis
whooping cough. infectious bacterial disease of upper respiratory system
asthma
disease caused by allergens that results in constriction of the bronchial airways, dyspnea, coughing, and wheezing
bronchogenic carcinoma
malignant tumor originating in the bronchi
adult respiratory distress syndrome
acute respiratory failure in adults characterized by tachypnea, dyspnea, cyanosis, tachycardia, and hypoxemia
anthracosis
pneumoconiosis that develops from collection of coal dust in the lung. aka black lung or miners lung
atelectasis
alveoli in a portion of the lung collapse, preventing respiratory exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
progressive, chronic, and usually irreversible group of conditions where the lungs have decreased capacity
cystic fibrosis
hereditary condition causing exocrine glands to malfunction and produce thick mucus that causes severe congestion within lungs and digestive system
emphysema
destruction of walls of alveoli, resulting in fewer overexpanded air sacs. may not be able to breathe except in a sitting or standing position
histoplasmosis
fungus found in dust and pigeon and chicken droppings that causes pulmonary infection
infant respiratory distress syndrome
characterized by tachypnea and respiratory grunting caused by a lack of surfactant necessary to keep lungs inflated
Legionnaire’s disease
severe, often fatal bacterial infection characterized by pneumonia and liver and kidney damage
Mycoplasma pneumonia
less severe but longer lasting form of pneumonia
pneumoconiosis
result of inhaling environmental particles that become toxic
