MT Ch. 4-musculoskeletal Flashcards
0
Q
Orthopedics
A
Diagnosis and treatment of conditions of musculoskeletal system
1
Q
Chiropractic
A
Profession concerned with diagnosis and treatment of misalignment conditions of spine and musculoskeletal system
2
Q
Orthotics
A
Making and fitting orthopedic appliances such as braces or splints
3
Q
Podiatry
A
Diagnosis and treatment of foot and lower leg disorders
4
Q
Prosthetics
A
Making artificial body parts
5
Q
Arthralgia
A
Joint pain
6
Q
Bursitis
A
Inflammation of a bursa
7
Q
Callus
A
Mass of bone tissue that forms at a fracture site during healing
8
Q
Chondromalacia
A
Softening of cartilage
9
Q
Crepitation
A
Noise made when bones or cartilage rub together in conditions such as arthritis
10
Q
Ostealgia
A
Bone pain
11
Q
Osteomyelitis
A
Inflammation of bone and bone marrow
12
Q
Synovitis
A
Inflammation of synovial membrane
13
Q
Closed fracture
A
Fracture that doesn’t break skin Aka simple fracture
14
Q
Colles’ fracture
A
Common type of wrist fracture
15
Q
Comminuted fracture
A
Bone is shattered, splintered, or crushed into small pieces
16
Q
Open fracture
A
Fracture that breaks the skin Aka compound fracture
17
Q
Compression fracture
A
Loss of height of a vertebral body caused by trauma or osteoporosis
18
Q
Fracture
A
Broken bone
19
Q
Greenstick fracture
A
Incomplete break; one side is broken and the other side is bent. Commonly found in children
20
Q
Impacted fracture
A
Bone fragments are pushed into each other
21
Q
Oblique fracture
A
Fracture line is at an angle
22
Q
Pathologic fracture
A
Caused by diseased or weakened bone
23
Q
Spiral fracture
A
Fracture line spirals around the bone, longer healing time
24
Stress fracture
Caused by repetitive low-impact forces such as running
25
Transverse fracture
Fracture line is straight across bone
26
Chondroma
Tumor formed in cartilage
27
Ewing's sarcoma
Cancerous growth in shaft of long bones that spreads through periosteum
28
Exostosis
Bone spur
29
Myeloma
Tumor in the bone marrow
30
Osteochondroma
Tumor made of bone and cartilage, usually benign
31
Osteogenic sarcoma
Cancer in the osteocytes at the ends of long bones. Most common type of bone cancer
32
Osteomalacia
Softening of the bones due to insufficient calcium
33
Osteopathy
General term for any bone disease
34
Osteoporosis
Bones become more porous and more prone to fracture and injury
35
Paget's disease
Common metabolic disease of bones that destroys and deforms bones
36
Rickets
Bone deformities and bowed legs in early childhood for insufficient calcium and vitamin D
37
Ankylosing spondylitis
Inflammatory spinal condition resulting in gradual stiffening and fusion of vertebrae
38
Herniated nucleus pulposus
Herniation/protrusion of an intervertebral disk Aka herniated disk
39
Kyphosis
Increase in outward curvature of thoracic region of spine Aka hunchback
40
Lordosis
Increase in forward curvature of lumbar region of spine Aka swayback
41
Scoliosis
Lateral curvature of the spine
42
Spina bifida
Vertebrae fails to fully form around spinal cord
43
Spinal stenosis
Narrowing of spinal canal causing pressure on cord and nerves
44
Spondylolisthesis
Forward sliding of a lumbar vertebrae
45
Spondylosis
Any degenerative condition of the vertebral column, specifically ankylosing of spine
46
Whiplash
Cervical muscle and ligament sprain as result of sudden movement forward and backward
47
Bunion
Inflammation of bursa of first metatarsophalangeal joint (base of big toe)
48
Dislocation
Bones in a joint are displaced from alignment
49
Osteoarthritis
Arthritis resulting in degeneration of bones and joints (bone against bone)
50
Rheumatoid arthritis
Chronic form of arthritis that results in crippling deformities
51
Sprain
Damage to ligaments surrounding a joint due to overstretching
52
Subluxation
Incomplete dislocation: alignment is disrupted but bones remain intact
53
Systemic lupus erythematosis
Chronic inflammatory disease affecting many systems that may include joint pain and arthritis
54
Talipes
Misalignment of the ankle joint and foot Aka club foot
55
Arthrogram
X-ray record of a joint
56
Arthrography
Process of xraying a joint
57
Bone scan
Patient is given radioactive dye and scanning equipment is used to examine bones
58
Dual-energy absorptiometry
Measurement of bone density for detection of osteoporosis
59
Myelography
Study of spinal column after injecting contrast material
60
Radiography
Diagnostic imaging procedure using X-rays
61
Arthroscope
Instrument used to look inside a joint
62
Arthroscopy
Examining a joint using an arthroscope
63
Arthrocentesis
Puncture of a joint to withdraw fluid
64
Orthotic
Orthopedic appliance used to prevent or correct deformities
65
Prosthesis
Artificial part used as a substitute for a body part
66
Amputation
Partial or complete removal of a limb
67
Arthroclasia
Surgically break a fused joint
68
Arthrodesis
Fusing the bones of a joint together
69
Arthroscopic surgery
Surgery performed while using an arthroscope to view the structure
70
Arthrotomy
Cutting into a joint
71
Bone graft
Bone taken from the patient used to take the place of a removed bone at another site
72
Bunionectomy
Removal of the bursa at the joint of the great toe
73
Bursectomy
Surgical removal of a bursa
74
Chondrectomy
Surgical removal of cartilage
75
Chondroplasty
Surgical repair of cartilage
76
Craniotomy
Cutting into the skull
77
Laminectomy
Surgical removal of the lamina, the vertebral posterior arch to correct back problems
78
Osteoclasia
Surgically break a bond to for
79
Osteotome
Instrument used to cut into bone
80
Osteotomy
Procedure involving cutting into bone
81
Percutaneous diskectomy
Thin tube is inserted into the intervertebral disk and material is sucked out
82
Synovectomy
Surgical removal of synovial membrane
83
Total hip arthroplasty
Surgical repair of the hip by implanting a prosthetic joint
84
Total knee arthroplasty
Surgical repair of knee by implanting a prosthetic knee joint
85
Cast
Using a solid material to immobilize part of the body
86
Fixation
Procedure to stabilize a fractured joint while healing, external and internal fixation
87
External fixation
Casts, splints, and ions inserted through skin
88
Internal fixation
Pins, plates, rods, screws, and wires applied during open reduction
89
Reduction
Correction of a fracture by realignment of fragments, closed and open reductions
90
Open reduction
Correcting a fracture by going into the body
91
Closed reduction
Correcting a fracture without entering the body
92
Traction
Pulling a fractured or dislocated limb to restore alignment
93
Bone reabsorption inhibitor
Medications that reduce reabsorption of bones, improves osteoporosis and Paget's disease Ex) fosamax
94
Calcium supplements and vitamin D therapy
Maintains high calcium in order to maintain bone density, improves osteoporosis, osteomalacia, and rickets Ex) citracal or oystercal
95
Corticosteroids
Produced by adrenal cortex and has strong anti-inflammatory properties, treats rheumatoid arthritis Ex) prednisone
96
Nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drugs
Provide mild pain and inflammatory relief Ex) Advil, aleve, ibuprofen
97
Fascial
Pertaining to fascia
98
Tendinous
Pertaining to tendons
99
Kinesiology
Study of movement, how it's produced, and muscles involved
100
Adhesion
Scar tissue in the fascia surrounding a muscle making it difficult to move the muscle
101
Atonia
Without muscle tone
102
Atrophy
Poor muscle development
103
Bradykinesia
Slow movement
104
Contracture
Shortening of muscle fibers, tendons, or fascia making it difficult to move the muscle
105
Dyskinesia
Painful movement
106
Dystonia
Abnormal muscle tone
107
Hyperkinesia
Excessive movement
108
Hypertonia
Excessive muscle tone
109
Hypertrophy
Increase in muscle bulk as result of use
110
Hypokinesia
Insufficient movement
111
Hypotonia
Insufficient muscle tone
112
Intermittent claudication
Severe pain and lameness caused by ischemia of the muscles (inadequate blood supply)
113
Myalgia
Muscle pain
114
Myasthenia
Muscle weakness
115
Myotonia
Muscle tone
116
Spasm
Sudden involuntary muscle contraction
117
Tenodynia
Tendon pain
118
Fascilitis
Inflammation of fascia
119
Fibromyalgia
Widespread pain in muscles
120
Lateral epicondylitis
Inflammation of muscle attachment to lateral epicondyle of the elbow Aka tennis elbow
121
Muscular dystrophy
Progressive muscle degeneration
122
Myopathy
General term for muscle disease
123
Myorrhexis
Tearing a muscle
124
Polymyositis
Inflammation of two or more muscles
125
Pseudohypertrophic muscular dystrophy
Muscle tissue is replaced with fatty tissue, making the muscles falsely appear strong Aka Duchenne's muscular dystrophy
126
Torticollis
Severe neck spasms pulling the head to the side Aka crick in the neck
127
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Pain of finger flexor tendons and median nerves in the wrist caused by repetitive motion
128
Ganglion cyst
Cyst on a tendon sheath, usually on hand, wrist, or ankle
129
Rotator cuff injury
Injury to the joint capsule of the shoulder which is reinforced by tendons from several shoulder muscles
130
Strain
Damage to muscles due to over stretching
131
Tendinitis
Inflammation of a tendon
132
Creatine phosphokinase
Enzyme found in skeletal and cardiac muscle that is elevated in disorders such as heart attack, MD, and other skeletal muscle disorders
133
Deep tendon reflex
Striking muscle tendon with a reflection hammer to see if the muscle contracts
134
Electromyogram
Record of muscle contractions via electrical stimulation
135
Electromyography
Recording the strength of muscle contractions as a result of electrical stimulation
136
Muscle biopsy
Removing muscle tissue for examination
137
Carpal tunnel release
Cutting the ligament in the wrist to relieve nerve pressure caused by CTS
138
Fasciotomy
Procedure that cuts into the fascia
139
Myoplasty
Surgical repair of a muscle
140
Myorrhaphy
Suturing a muscle
141
Tendoplasty
Surgical repair of a tendon
142
Tendotomy
Procedure that cuts into a tendon
143
Tenodesis
Anchoring the tendons that move a joint
144
Tenoplasty
Surgical repair of tendon
145
Tenorrhaphy
Suturing a tendon
146
Skeletal muscle relaxants
Reduce muscle spasms Ex) flexeril
147
Abduction
Movement away from the body
148
Adduction
Movement toward the body
149
Flexion
Bending
150
Extension
Straightening
151
Dorsiflexion
Backward bending of hand or foot
152
Plantar flexion
Bending the sole of the foot and pointing toes down
153
Eversion
Turning outward
154
Inversion
Turning inward
155
Pronation
Turn downward or backward with hand or foot
156
Supination
Turn hand or foot upward
157
Elevation
Raise a body part
158
Depression
Downward movement
159
Circumduction
Circular movement from a central point
160
Opposition
Moving thumb away from palm
161
Rotation
Moving around a central axis
162
Bone marrow produces what?
Blood cells
163
Joint
Section where two bones meet
164
What holds bones together at the joint?
Ligaments
165
Osseous tissue
Another name for bone
166
Ossification
Gradual process beginning before birth in which bones are formed
167
Cartilage
Flexible tissue that makes up the entire fetal skeleton and is found in ears, nose, etc in adults
168
Osteoblasts
Immature bone cells that replace cartilage in the fetal skeleton
169
Osteocytes
Mature osteoblasts in adult bones
170
Long bones
Longer than they are wide, most bones in the human body Ex) femur and humerus
171
Short bones
Roughly as long as they are wide Ex) carpals and tarsals
172
Irregular bones
Their shape is irregular Ex) vertebrae
173
Flat bones
Usually plate shaped. Ex) sternum, scapulae, and pelvis
174
Diaphysis
Central portion of long bones
175
Epiphysis
The ends of a long bone
176
Articulate cartilage
Cartilage that covers the epiphysis to prevent bone from rubbing bone
177
Periosteum
Thin connective tissue membrane that covers the remaining surface of each bone
178
Compact bone
Hard exterior surface of bone, also called cortical bone
179
Spongy bone
Found inside the bone, also called cancellous bone
180
Red bone marrow
Found in the spaces of spongy bone, manufactures most of the blood cells
181
Medullary cavity
Open cavity in the center of the diaphysis
182
Yellow bone marrow
Found in the medullary cavity, starts out in life as red bone marrow but gradually converts to yellow. Made mainly of fat cells
183
Process
General term for any bony projection
184
Head
Large, smooth ball shaped end on a long bone May be separated from the body of the bone by a narrow area called the neck
185
Condyle
Smooth, rounded portion at the opposite end of the bone than the head
186
Epicondyle
Small projection on or above a condyle
187
Trochanter
Large rough process for attachment of a muscle Greater trochanter, trochanteric line, lesser trochanter
188
Tubercle
Small, rough process that provides attachment for tendons and muscles
189
Tuberosity
Large, rough process that provides attachment for tendons and muscles
190
Sinus
Hollow cavity within a bone
191
Foramen
Smooth, round opening fir nerves and blood vessels
192
Fossa
Shallow cavity or depression on surface of bone
193
Fissure
Slit-type opening
194
Axial skeleton
Head, neck, spine, chest, and trunk
195
Appendicular skeleton
Pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, upper extremities, and lower extremities
196
Cranium bones
One frontal, two parietal, two temporal, two ethmoid, two sphenoid, and one occipital
197
Facial bones
Mandible, maxilla, zygomatic, vomer, palatine, nasal, lacrimal
198
Hyoid bone
U-shaped bone in the neck between the mandible and larynx, attachment for swallowing and speech muscles
199
Trunk of body
Vertebral column, sternum, rib cage
200
5 sections of vertebral column and how many vertebrae each has
Cervical (5), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacrum (1, 5 fused), and coccyx (1, 3-5 fused)
201
Intervertebral disc
Between each vertebra from cervical through lumbar
202
Floating ribs
Lowest two of the twelve pairs of ribs, they are only attached to the vertebral column while the rest attach to the vertebral column and the sternum
203
Pectoral girdle
Clavicle and scapula bones, attaches upper extremities to the axial skeleton
204
Bones of upper extremities
Humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges
205
Pelvic girdle
Aka os coxae or innominate bone Contains ilium(plate pelvic bone), ischium(loop pelvic bone), and pubis(above the loop)
206
Bones of the lower extremities
Femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges
207
How many phalanges on the fingers and toes?
28 each, three in each finger/toe and two in each thumb/big toe
208
Articulation
When two or more bones meet, a joint
209
Three types of joints
Synovial, cartilaginous, fibrous
210
Synovial joints
Most joints in the body, freely moving Enclosed by a joint capsule
211
Joint capsule
Lined with synovial membrane which secretes synovial fluid to lubricate the joint Ex) ball and socket joint at the shoulder and hip
212
Bursa
Saclike structure composed of connective tissue and lined with synovial membrane Commonly between bones and ligaments or tendons, they reduce friction
213
Fibrous joints
Allow almost no movement, the ends of the bones are joined by fibrous tissue Ex) sutures of the skull
214
Cartilaginous joints
Slight movement but hold bones firmly in place by cartilage Ex) pubic symphysis, where left and right pubic bonds meet in the front of the pubis
215
Muscles
Bundles of parallel muscle fibers that produce movement when contracted
216
Three types of muscle
Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
217
Skeletal muscle
Striated, either directly or indirectly attached to a bone
218
Fascia
Layers of connective tissue that surround skeletal muscle
219
Tendon
Tapered area at the end of the fascia that anchors into the periosteum of the bone
220
Motor neurons
Stimulate skeletal muscles
221
Myoneural junction
Point where the motor nerve and skeletal muscle fiber come into contact
222
Smooth muscle
Sometimes referred to as visceral muscle because it is usually found in internal organs and blood vessels
223
Cardiac muscle
Also called myocardium, it makes up the wall of the heart Striated, less dense striations than skeletal muscle
224
Rectus abdominis
Straight abdominal muscle
225
Sternocleidomastoid
Named for two origins, sternum and clavicle, and single insertion (mastoid process)
226
Gluteus Maximus
Rump area, large
227
Flexor carpi and extensor carpi
Produce flexion and extension at the wrist
228
External oblique muscle
Abdominal muscle whose fibers run at an oblique angle
229
Biceps
Muscle in upper arm that has two (bi) connecting points
230
Origin
Less moving bone of the joint, considered to be where the muscle starts
231
Insertion
More movable bone of the joint, considered to be where the muscle ends
232
Action
Type of movement a muscle produces
233
Antagonistic pairs
Pair of muscles around a joint that produce opposite actions
234
Profession concerned with diagnosis and treatment of misalignment conditions of spine and musculoskeletal system
Chiropractic
235
Diagnosis and treatment of conditions of musculoskeletal system
Orthopedics
236
Making and fitting orthopedic appliances such as braces or splints
Orthotics
237
Diagnosis and treatment of foot and lower leg disorders
Podiatry
238
Making artificial body parts
Prosthetics
239
Joint pain
Arthralgia
240
Inflammation of a bursa
Bursitis
241
Mass of bone tissue that forms at a fracture site during healing
Callus
242
Softening of cartilage
Chondromalacia
243
Noise made when bones or cartilage rub together in conditions such as arthritis
Crepitation
244
Bone pain
Ostealgia
245
Inflammation of bone and bone marrow
Osteomyelitis
246
Inflammation of synovial membrane
Synovitis
247
Fracture that doesn't break skin Aka simple fracture
Closed fracture
248
Common type of wrist fracture
Colles' fracture
249
Bone is shattered, splintered, or crushed into small pieces
Comminuted fracture
250
Fracture that breaks the skin Aka compound fracture
Open fracture
251
Loss of height of a vertebral body caused by trauma or osteoporosis
Compression fracture
252
Broken bone
Fracture
253
Incomplete break; one side is broken and the other side is bent. Commonly found in children
Greenstick fracture
254
Bone fragments are pushed into each other
Impacted fracture
255
Fracture line is at an angle
Oblique fracture
256
Caused by diseased or weakened bone
Pathologic fracture
257
Fracture line spirals around the bone, longer healing time
Spiral fracture
258
Caused by repetitive low-impact forces such as running
Stress fracture
259
Fracture line is straight across bone
Transverse fracture
260
Tumor formed in cartilage
Chondroma
261
Cancerous growth in shaft of long bones that spreads through periosteum
Ewing's sarcoma
262
Bone spur
Exostosis
263
Tumor in the bone marrow
Myeloma
264
Tumor made of bone and cartilage, usually benign
Osteochondroma
265
Cancer in the osteocytes at the ends of long bones. Most common type of bone cancer
Osteogenic sarcoma
266
Softening of the bones due to insufficient calcium
Osteomalacia
267
General term for any bone disease
Osteopathy
268
Bones become more porous and more prone to fracture and injury
Osteoporosis
269
Common metabolic disease of bones that destroys and deforms bones
Paget's disease
270
Bone deformities and bowed legs in early childhood for insufficient calcium and vitamin D
Rickets
271
Inflammatory spinal condition resulting in gradual stiffening and fusion of vertebrae
Ankylosing spondylitis
272
Herniation/protrusion of an intervertebral disk Aka herniated disk
Herniated nucleus pulposus
273
Increase in outward curvature of thoracic region of spine Aka hunchback
Kyphosis
274
Increase in forward curvature of lumbar region of spine Aka swayback
Lordosis
275
Lateral curvature of the spine
Scoliosis
276
Vertebrae fails to fully form around spinal cord
Spina bifida
277
Narrowing of spinal canal causing pressure on cord and nerves
Spinal stenosis
278
Forward sliding of a lumbar vertebrae
Spondylolisthesis
279
Any degenerative condition of the vertebral column, specifically ankylosing of spine
Spondylosis
280
Cervical muscle and ligament sprain as result of sudden movement forward and backward
Whiplash
281
Inflammation of bursa of first metatarsophalangeal joint (base of big toe)
Bunion
282
Bones in a joint are displaced from alignment
Dislocation
283
Arthritis resulting in degeneration of bones and joints (bone against bone)
Osteoarthritis
284
Chronic form of arthritis that results in crippling deformities
Rheumatoid arthritis
285
Damage to ligaments surrounding a joint due to overstretching
Sprain
286
Incomplete dislocation: alignment is disrupted but bones remain intact
Subluxation
287
Chronic inflammatory disease affecting many systems that may include joint pain and arthritis
Systemic lupus erythematosis
288
Misalignment of the ankle joint and foot Aka club foot
Talipes
289
X-ray record of a joint
Arthrogram
290
Process of xraying a joint
Arthrography
291
Patient is given radioactive dye and scanning equipment is used to examine bones
Bone scan
292
Measurement of bone density for detection of osteoporosis
Dual-energy absorptiometry
293
Study of spinal column after injecting contrast material
Myelography
294
Diagnostic imaging procedure using X-rays
Radiography
295
Instrument used to look inside a joint
Arthroscope
296
Examining a joint using an arthroscope
Arthroscopy
297
Puncture of a joint to withdraw fluid
Arthrocentesis
298
Orthopedic appliance used to prevent or correct deformities
Orthotic
299
Artificial part used as a substitute for a body part
Prosthesis
300
Partial or complete removal of a limb
Amputation
301
Surgically break a fused joint
Arthroclasia
302
Fusing the bones of a joint together
Arthrodesis
303
Surgery performed while using an arthroscope to view the structure
Arthroscopic surgery
304
Cutting into a joint
Arthrotomy
305
Bone taken from the patient used to take the place of a removed bone at another site
Bone graft
306
Removal of the bursa at the joint of the great toe
Bunionectomy
307
Surgical removal of a bursa
Bursectomy
308
Surgical removal of cartilage
Chondrectomy
309
Surgical repair of cartilage
Chondroplasty
310
Cutting into the skull
Craniotomy
310
Cutting into the skull
Craniotomy
311
Surgical removal of the lamina, the vertebral posterior arch to correct back problems
Laminectomy
311
Surgical removal of the lamina, the vertebral posterior arch to correct back problems
Laminectomy
312
Surgically break a bond to for
Osteoclasia
312
Surgically break a bond to for
Osteoclasia
313
Instrument used to cut into bone
Osteotome
313
Instrument used to cut into bone
Osteotome
314
Procedure involving cutting into bone
Osteotomy
314
Procedure involving cutting into bone
Osteotomy
315
Thin tube is inserted into the intervertebral disk and material is sucked out
Percutaneous diskectomy
315
Thin tube is inserted into the intervertebral disk and material is sucked out
Percutaneous diskectomy
316
Surgical removal of synovial membrane
Synovectomy
316
Surgical removal of synovial membrane
Synovectomy
317
Surgical repair of the hip by implanting a prosthetic joint
Total hip arthroplasty
318
Surgical repair of knee by implanting a prosthetic knee joint
Total knee arthroplasty
318
Surgical repair of knee by implanting a prosthetic knee joint
Total knee arthroplasty
319
Using a solid material to immobilize part of the body
Cast
319
Using a solid material to immobilize part of the body
Cast
320
Procedure to stabilize a fractured joint while healing, external and internal fixation
Fixation
320
Procedure to stabilize a fractured joint while healing, external and internal fixation
Fixation
321
Casts, splints, and ions inserted through skin
External fixation
322
Pins, plates, rods, screws, and wires applied during open reduction
Internal fixation
323
Correction of a fracture by realignment of fragments, closed and open reductions
Reduction
323
Correction of a fracture by realignment of fragments, closed and open reductions
Reduction
324
Correcting a fracture by going into the body
Open reduction
325
Correcting a fracture without entering the body
Closed reduction
326
Pulling a fractured or dislocated limb to restore alignment
Traction
326
Pulling a fractured or dislocated limb to restore alignment
Traction
327
Medications that reduce reabsorption of bones, improves osteoporosis and Paget's disease Ex) fosamax
Bone reabsorption inhibitor
327
Medications that reduce reabsorption of bones, improves osteoporosis and Paget's disease Ex) fosamax
Bone reabsorption inhibitor
328
Maintains high calcium in order to maintain bone density, improves osteoporosis, osteomalacia, and rickets Ex) citracal or oystercal
Calcium supplements and vitamin D therapy
328
Maintains high calcium in order to maintain bone density, improves osteoporosis, osteomalacia, and rickets Ex) citracal or oystercal
Calcium supplements and vitamin D therapy
329
Produced by adrenal cortex and has strong anti-inflammatory properties, treats rheumatoid arthritis Ex) prednisone
Corticosteroids
329
Produced by adrenal cortex and has strong anti-inflammatory properties, treats rheumatoid arthritis Ex) prednisone
Corticosteroids
330
Provide mild pain and inflammatory relief Ex) Advil, aleve, ibuprofen
Nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drugs
330
Provide mild pain and inflammatory relief Ex) Advil, aleve, ibuprofen
Nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drugs
331
Pertaining to fascia
Fascial
331
Pertaining to fascia
Fascial
332
Pertaining to tendons
Tendinous
332
Pertaining to tendons
Tendinous
333
Study of movement, how it's produced, and muscles involved
Kinesiology
333
Study of movement, how it's produced, and muscles involved
Kinesiology
334
Scar tissue in the fascia surrounding a muscle making it difficult to move the muscle
Adhesion
334
Scar tissue in the fascia surrounding a muscle making it difficult to move the muscle
Adhesion
335
Without muscle tone
Atonia
335
Without muscle tone
Atonia
336
Poor muscle development
Atrophy
336
Poor muscle development
Atrophy
337
Slow movement
Bradykinesia
337
Slow movement
Bradykinesia
338
Shortening of muscle fibers, tendons, or fascia making it difficult to move the muscle
Contracture
338
Shortening of muscle fibers, tendons, or fascia making it difficult to move the muscle
Contracture
339
Painful movement
Dyskinesia
339
Painful movement
Dyskinesia
340
Abnormal muscle tone
Dystonia
340
Abnormal muscle tone
Dystonia
341
Excessive movement
Hyperkinesia
341
Excessive movement
Hyperkinesia
342
Excessive muscle tone
Hypertonia
342
Excessive muscle tone
Hypertonia
343
Increase in muscle bulk as result of use
Hypertrophy
343
Increase in muscle bulk as result of use
Hypertrophy
344
Insufficient movement
Hypokinesia
344
Insufficient movement
Hypokinesia
345
Insufficient muscle tone
Hypotonia
346
Severe pain and lameness caused by ischemia of the muscles (inadequate blood supply)
Intermittent claudication
347
Muscle pain
Myalgia
348
Muscle weakness
Myasthenia
348
Muscle weakness
Myasthenia
349
Muscle tone
Myotonia
349
Muscle tone
Myotonia
350
Sudden involuntary muscle contraction
Spasm
350
Sudden involuntary muscle contraction
Spasm
351
Tendon pain
Tenodynia
352
Inflammation of fascia
Fascilitis
353
Widespread pain in muscles
Fibromyalgia
354
Inflammation of muscle attachment to lateral epicondyle of the elbow Aka tennis elbow
Lateral epicondylitis
355
Progressive muscle degeneration
Muscular dystrophy
355
Progressive muscle degeneration
Muscular dystrophy
356
General term for muscle disease
Myopathy
356
General term for muscle disease
Myopathy
357
Tearing a muscle
Myorrhexis
357
Tearing a muscle
Myorrhexis
358
Inflammation of two or more muscles
Polymyositis
358
Inflammation of two or more muscles
Polymyositis
359
Muscle tissue is replaced with fatty tissue, making the muscles falsely appear strong Aka Duchenne's muscular dystrophy
Pseudohypertrophic muscular dystrophy
359
Muscle tissue is replaced with fatty tissue, making the muscles falsely appear strong Aka Duchenne's muscular dystrophy
Pseudohypertrophic muscular dystrophy
360
Severe neck spasms pulling the head to the side Aka crick in the neck
Torticollis
360
Severe neck spasms pulling the head to the side Aka crick in the neck
Torticollis
361
Pain of finger flexor tendons and median nerves in the wrist caused by repetitive motion
Carpal tunnel syndrome
361
Pain of finger flexor tendons and median nerves in the wrist caused by repetitive motion
Carpal tunnel syndrome
362
Cyst on a tendon sheath, usually on hand, wrist, or ankle
Ganglion cyst
362
Cyst on a tendon sheath, usually on hand, wrist, or ankle
Ganglion cyst
363
Injury to the joint capsule of the shoulder which is reinforced by tendons from several shoulder muscles
Rotator cuff injury
363
Injury to the joint capsule of the shoulder which is reinforced by tendons from several shoulder muscles
Rotator cuff injury
364
Damage to muscles due to over stretching
Strain
364
Damage to muscles due to over stretching
Strain
365
Inflammation of a tendon
Tendinitis
365
Inflammation of a tendon
Tendinitis
366
Enzyme found in skeletal and cardiac muscle that is elevated in disorders such as heart attack, MD, and other skeletal muscle disorders
Creatine phosphokinase
366
Enzyme found in skeletal and cardiac muscle that is elevated in disorders such as heart attack, MD, and other skeletal muscle disorders
Creatine phosphokinase
367
Striking muscle tendon with a reflection hammer to see if the muscle contracts
Deep tendon reflex
367
Striking muscle tendon with a reflection hammer to see if the muscle contracts
Deep tendon reflex
368
Record of muscle contractions via electrical stimulation
Electromyogram
369
Record of muscle contractions via electrical stimulation
Electromyogram
370
Recording the strength of muscle contractions as a result of electrical stimulation
Electromyography
371
Removing muscle tissue for examination
Muscle biopsy
372
Cutting the ligament in the wrist to relieve nerve pressure caused by CTS
Carpal tunnel release
372
Recording the strength of muscle contractions as a result of electrical stimulation
Electromyography
373
Procedure that cuts into the fascia
Fasciotomy
374
Surgical repair of a muscle
Myoplasty
374
Surgical repair of a muscle
Myoplasty
375
Suturing a muscle
Myorrhaphy
375
Suturing a muscle
Myorrhaphy
376
Surgical repair of a tendon
Tendoplasty
376
Surgical repair of a tendon
Tendoplasty
377
Procedure that cuts into a tendon
Tendotomy
377
Procedure that cuts into a tendon
Tendotomy
378
Anchoring the tendons that move a joint
Tenodesis
378
Anchoring the tendons that move a joint
Tenodesis
379
Surgical repair of tendon
Tenoplasty
379
Surgical repair of tendon
Tenoplasty
380
Suturing a tendon
Tenorrhaphy
381
Reduce muscle spasms Ex) flexeril
Skeletal muscle relaxants
382
Movement away from the body
Abduction
383
Movement toward the body
Adduction
383
Suturing a tendon
Tenorrhaphy
384
Bending
Flexion
385
Straightening
Extension
385
Straightening
Extension
386
Backward bending of hand or foot
Dorsiflexion
386
Backward bending of hand or foot
Dorsiflexion
387
Bending the sole of the foot and pointing toes down
Plantar flexion
387
Bending the sole of the foot and pointing toes down
Plantar flexion
388
Turning outward
Eversion
389
Turning outward
Eversion
390
Turning inward
Inversion
391
Turning inward
Inversion
392
Turn downward or backward with hand or foot
Pronation
393
Turn downward or backward with hand or foot
Pronation
394
Turn hand or foot upward
Supination
395
Raise a body part
Elevation
395
Raise a body part
Elevation
396
Downward movement
Depression
396
Downward movement
Depression
397
Circular movement from a central point
Circumduction
398
Moving thumb away from palm
Opposition
398
Moving thumb away from palm
Opposition
399
Moving around a central axis
Rotation
399
Moving around a central axis
Rotation
400
Section where two bones meet
Joint
400
Section where two bones meet
Joint
401
Another name for bone
Osseous tissue
401
Another name for bone
Osseous tissue
402
Gradual process beginning before birth in which bones are formed
Ossification
403
Flexible tissue that makes up the entire fetal skeleton and is found in ears, nose, etc in adults
Cartilage
403
Flexible tissue that makes up the entire fetal skeleton and is found in ears, nose, etc in adults
Cartilage
404
Immature bone cells that replace cartilage in the fetal skeleton
Osteoblasts
404
Immature bone cells that replace cartilage in the fetal skeleton
Osteoblasts
405
Mature osteoblasts in adult bones
Osteocytes
405
Mature osteoblasts in adult bones
Osteocytes
406
Longer than they are wide, most bones in the human body Ex) femur and humerus
Long bones
406
Longer than they are wide, most bones in the human body Ex) femur and humerus
Long bones
407
Roughly as long as they are wide Ex) carpals and tarsals
Short bones
407
Roughly as long as they are wide Ex) carpals and tarsals
Short bones
408
Their shape is irregular Ex) vertebrae
Irregular bones
408
Their shape is irregular Ex) vertebrae
Irregular bones
409
Usually plate shaped. Ex) sternum, scapulae, and pelvis
Flat bones
410
Usually plate shaped. Ex) sternum, scapulae, and pelvis
Flat bones
411
Central portion of long bones
Diaphysis
411
Central portion of long bones
Diaphysis
412
The ends of a long bone
Epiphysis
413
Cartilage that covers the epiphysis to prevent bone from rubbing bone
Articulate cartilage
413
Cartilage that covers the epiphysis to prevent bone from rubbing bone
Articulate cartilage
414
Thin connective tissue membrane that covers the remaining surface of each bone
Periosteum
415
Thin connective tissue membrane that covers the remaining surface of each bone
Periosteum
416
Hard exterior surface of bone, also called cortical bone
Compact bone
416
Hard exterior surface of bone, also called cortical bone
Compact bone
417
Found inside the bone, also called cancellous bone
Spongy bone
417
Found inside the bone, also called cancellous bone
Spongy bone
418
Found in the spaces of spongy bone, manufactures most of the blood cells
Red bone marrow
419
Found in the spaces of spongy bone, manufactures most of the blood cells
Red bone marrow
420
Open cavity in the center of the diaphysis
Medullary cavity
420
Open cavity in the center of the diaphysis
Medullary cavity
421
Found in the medullary cavity, starts out in life as red bone marrow but gradually converts to yellow. Made mainly of fat cells
Yellow bone marrow
421
Found in the medullary cavity, starts out in life as red bone marrow but gradually converts to yellow. Made mainly of fat cells
Yellow bone marrow
422
General term for any bony projection
Process
422
General term for any bony projection
Process
423
Large, smooth ball shaped end on a long bone May be separated from the body of the bone by a narrow area called the neck
Head
423
Large, smooth ball shaped end on a long bone May be separated from the body of the bone by a narrow area called the neck
Head
424
Smooth, rounded portion at the opposite end of the bone than the head
Condyle
424
Smooth, rounded portion at the opposite end of the bone than the head
Condyle
425
Small projection on or above a condyle
Epicondyle
426
Large rough process for attachment of a muscle Greater trochanter, trochanteric line, lesser trochanter
Trochanter
427
Small, rough process that provides attachment for tendons and muscles
Tubercle
428
Large, rough process that provides attachment for tendons and muscles
Tuberosity
429
Hollow cavity within a bone
Sinus
429
Hollow cavity within a bone
Sinus
430
Smooth, round opening fir nerves and blood vessels
Foramen
430
Smooth, round opening fir nerves and blood vessels
Foramen
431
Shallow cavity or depression on surface of bone
Fossa
431
Shallow cavity or depression on surface of bone
Fossa
432
Slit-type opening
Fissure
432
Slit-type opening
Fissure
433
Head, neck, spine, chest, and trunk
Axial skeleton
433
Head, neck, spine, chest, and trunk
Axial skeleton
434
Pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, upper extremities, and lower extremities
Appendicular skeleton
434
Pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, upper extremities, and lower extremities
Appendicular skeleton
435
One frontal, two parietal, two temporal, two ethmoid, two sphenoid, and one occipital
Cranium bones
435
One frontal, two parietal, two temporal, two ethmoid, two sphenoid, and one occipital
Cranium bones
436
Mandible, maxilla, zygomatic, vomer, palatine, nasal, lacrimal
Facial bones
436
Mandible, maxilla, zygomatic, vomer, palatine, nasal, lacrimal
Facial bones
437
U-shaped bone in the neck between the mandible and larynx, attachment for swallowing and speech muscles
Hyoid bone
437
U-shaped bone in the neck between the mandible and larynx, attachment for swallowing and speech muscles
Hyoid bone
438
Vertebral column, sternum, rib cage
Trunk of body
438
Vertebral column, sternum, rib cage
Trunk of body
439
Between each vertebra from cervical through lumbar
Intervertebral disc
439
Between each vertebra from cervical through lumbar
Intervertebral disc
440
Lowest two of the twelve pairs of ribs, they are only attached to the vertebral column while the rest attach to the vertebral column and the sternum
Floating ribs
440
Lowest two of the twelve pairs of ribs, they are only attached to the vertebral column while the rest attach to the vertebral column and the sternum
Floating ribs
441
Clavicle and scapula bones, attaches upper extremities to the axial skeleton
Pectoral girdle
441
Clavicle and scapula bones, attaches upper extremities to the axial skeleton
Pectoral girdle
442
Humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges
Bones of upper extremities
443
Aka os coxae or innominate bone Contains ilium(plate pelvic bone), ischium(loop pelvic bone), and pubis(above the loop)
Pelvic girdle
444
Femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges
Bones of the lower extremities
445
When two or more bones meet, a joint
Articulation
446
Most joints in the body, freely moving Enclosed by a joint capsule
Synovial joints
446
Most joints in the body, freely moving Enclosed by a joint capsule
Synovial joints
447
Lined with synovial membrane which secretes synovial fluid to lubricate the joint Ex) ball and socket joint at the shoulder and hip
Joint capsule
447
Lined with synovial membrane which secretes synovial fluid to lubricate the joint Ex) ball and socket joint at the shoulder and hip
Joint capsule
448
Saclike structure composed of connective tissue and lined with synovial membrane Commonly between bones and ligaments or tendons, they reduce friction
Bursa
448
Saclike structure composed of connective tissue and lined with synovial membrane Commonly between bones and ligaments or tendons, they reduce friction
Bursa
449
Allow almost no movement, the ends of the bones are joined by fibrous tissue Ex) sutures of the skull
Fibrous joints
449
Allow almost no movement, the ends of the bones are joined by fibrous tissue Ex) sutures of the skull
Fibrous joints
450
Slight movement but hold bones firmly in place by cartilage Ex) pubic symphysis, where left and right pubic bonds meet in the front of the pubis
Cartilaginous joints
450
Slight movement but hold bones firmly in place by cartilage Ex) pubic symphysis, where left and right pubic bonds meet in the front of the pubis
Cartilaginous joints
451
Bundles of parallel muscle fibers that produce movement when contracted
Muscles
452
Striated, either directly or indirectly attached to a bone
Skeletal muscle
453
Layers of connective tissue that surround skeletal muscle
Fascia
454
Tapered area at the end of the fascia that anchors into the periosteum of the bone
Tendon
454
Tapered area at the end of the fascia that anchors into the periosteum of the bone
Tendon
455
Stimulate skeletal muscles
Motor neurons
455
Stimulate skeletal muscles
Motor neurons
456
Point where the motor nerve and skeletal muscle fiber come into contact
Myoneural junction
456
Point where the motor nerve and skeletal muscle fiber come into contact
Myoneural junction
457
Sometimes referred to as visceral muscle because it is usually found in internal organs and blood vessels
Smooth muscle
458
Sometimes referred to as visceral muscle because it is usually found in internal organs and blood vessels
Smooth muscle
459
Also called myocardium, it makes up the wall of the heart Striated, less dense striations than skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle
460
Also called myocardium, it makes up the wall of the heart Striated, less dense striations than skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle
461
Straight abdominal muscle
Rectus abdominis
461
Straight abdominal muscle
Rectus abdominis
462
Named for two origins, sternum and clavicle, and single insertion (mastoid process)
Sternocleidomastoid
462
Named for two origins, sternum and clavicle, and single insertion (mastoid process)
Sternocleidomastoid
463
Rump area, large
Gluteus Maximus
463
Rump area, large
Gluteus Maximus
464
Produce flexion and extension at the wrist
Flexor carpi and extensor carpi
464
Produce flexion and extension at the wrist
Flexor carpi and extensor carpi
465
Abdominal muscle whose fibers run at an oblique angle
External oblique muscle
465
Abdominal muscle whose fibers run at an oblique angle
External oblique muscle
466
Muscle in upper arm that has two (bi) connecting points
Biceps
466
Muscle in upper arm that has two (bi) connecting points
Biceps
467
Less moving bone of the joint, considered to be where the muscle starts
Origin
467
Less moving bone of the joint, considered to be where the muscle starts
Origin
468
More movable bone of the joint, considered to be where the muscle ends
Insertion
468
More movable bone of the joint, considered to be where the muscle ends
Insertion
469
Type of movement a muscle produces
Action
469
Type of movement a muscle produces
Action
470
Pair of muscles around a joint that produce opposite actions
Antagonistic pairs
470
Pair of muscles around a joint that produce opposite actions
Antagonistic pairs
