MT Ch. 5-cardiovascular Flashcards
0
Q
Artery
A
Carries blood away from the heart
1
Q
Heart
A
Pumps blood through blood vessels, made of cardiac muscle fibers Has four chambers and averages 60-100 beats a minute
2
Q
Vein
A
Carries blood toward the heart, thinner-walled than arteries
3
Q
Capillary
A
Exchange site between blood and tissues, very thin walled to allow diffusion of oxygen and nutrients
4
Q
Cardiovascular system
A
Aka circulatory system Maintains distribution of blood throughout the body and collects waste from cells Composed of heart, arteries, capillaries, and veins
5
Q
Pulmonary circulation
A
Between heart and lungs; transports deoxygenated blood to lungs to get oxygen, then back to the heart
6
Q
Systemic circulation
A
Carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to tissues and cells, then back to the heart
7
Q
Where waste is disposed of
A
Lungs, liver, and kidneys
8
Q
Apex
A
Tip of heart at lower edge
9
Q
Endocardium
A
Inner layer of the heart, lining the chambers Serves to reduce friction as blood passes through
10
Q
Myocardium
A
Muscular middle layer of heart Provides pressure needed to pump blood
11
Q
Epicardium
A
Outer layer of the heart, also called the visceral pericardium
12
Q
Atria
A
Two upper chambers of the heart, receive blood, divided by the interatrial septum
13
Q
Ventricles
A
Two lower chambers of the heart, pumping chambers, divided by the interventricular septum
14
Q
Heart valves
A
Restraining gates to control the direction of blood flow, situated at entrances and exits to ventricles
15
Q
Tricuspid valve
A
Atrioventricular valve meaning it controls opening between right atrium and right ventricle, has three cusps
16
Q
Pulmonary valve
A
Semilunar valve, meaning it looks like a half moon. Located between right ventricle and pulmonary artery
17
Q
Mitral valve
A
Bicuspid valve, has two cusps. Controls opening between left atrium and left ventricle
18
Q
Aortic valve
A
Semilunar valve located between left ventricle and aorta
19
Q
Superior vena cava and inferior vena cava
A
Two large veins that deoxygenated blood from the body enters the right atrium through
20
Q
Pulmonary artery
A
Artery that carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs
21
Q
Pulmonary veins
A
Four veins that oxygenated blood from the lungs enters the left atrium through
22
Q
Aorta
A
Largest artery in the body that carries blood all over
23
Q
Diastole
A
Period of time a heart chamber is relaxed
24
Systole
When a heart chamber is contracted
25
Blood flow through the heart
1. Deoxygenated blood from the body enters the right atrium through the superior and inferior vena cava 2. Flows through tricuspid valve into right ventricle 3. RV contracts and pumps blood through the pulmonary valve to the pulmonary artery to the lungs for oxygenation 4. Oxygenated blood from the lungs enters the left atrium through the four pulmonary veins 5. Blood flows through the bicuspid(mitral) valve into the left ventricle 6. LV contracts and pumps blood through aortic valve into the aorta
26
Autonomic nervous system
Regulates automatic processes of body, controls heartbeat
27
Flow of Electricity through the heart
1. Sinoatrial (SA) node is stimulated, sending impulses through the atria, causing them to contract 2. Atrioventricular node is stimulated, transfers to atrioventricular bundle 3. Travels down bundle branches in the interventricular septum 4. Purkinje fibers in ventricular myocardium are stimulated, causing the ventricles to contract
28
Lumen
Channel within blood vessels that blood flows through
29
Arterioles
Smallest arteries that carry blood to the capillaries
30
Coronary arteries
Branch from the aorta, provide blood to the myocardium. Branch into smaller arteries as they travel through the body
31
Capillary bed
Network of tiny blood vessels that make up capillaries Arterial blood flows in, venous blood flows out
32
Venules
Smallest veins, blood leaving capillaries first enters these, then merges into larger veins
33
Blood pressure
Measurement of force exerted by blood against the wall of a blood vessel-highest reading over the lowest reading
34
Systolic pressure
Blood pressure when the ventricles are in systole, or contraction-highest blood pressure reading
35
Pulse at wrist or throat
Surge of blood caused by heart contraction
36
Diastolic pressure
Blood pressure when ventricles are in diastole, or resting-lowest blood pressure reading
37
Cardiology
Diagnosis and treatment of conditions of the cardiovascular system
38
Cardiovascular technician
Professional trained to perform a variety of diagnostic and treatment procedures including electrocardiography, echocardiography, and exercise stress tests
39
Angilitis
Inflammation of a vessel
40
Angiospasm
Muscle contraction of the smooth muscle in the wall of a vessel, narrowing it
41
Angiostenosis
Narrowing of a vessel
42
Bradycardia
Slow heart rate, usually less than 60 beats/min
43
Embolus
Obstruction of blood vessel by a blood clot broken off of a thrombus
44
Infarct
Area of tissue within an organ that undergoes necrosis following loss of blood supply
45
Ischemia
Deficiency of blood supply due to obstruction of circulation
46
Murmur
An abnormal sound arising from blood flowing through the heart that May or may not indicate a heart abnormality
47
Orthostatic hypotension
Sudden drop in blood pressure when standing up straight
48
Palpitations
Pounding, racing, heartbeats
49
Plaque
Yellow, fatty deposit of lipids in an artery, indication of atherosclerosis
50
Regurgitation
Backflow of blood through a valve
51
Tachycardia
Fast heart rate
52
Thrombus
Blood clot within a vessel
53
Angina pectoris
Severe pain with a sensation of constriction around the heart caused by deficiency of oxygen
54
Arrhythmia
Irregularity in heartbeat
55
Cardiac arrest
Complete stopping of heart activity
56
Cardiomegaly
Enlarged heart
57
Cardiomyopathy
General term for disease of myocardium
58
Congenital septal defect
A hole in the septum between two heart chambers, present at birth Atrial septal defect and ventrical septal defect
59
Congestive heart failure
Reduced outflow of blood from the left side of the heart because the left ventricle myocardium has become too weak to pump blood
60
Coronary artery disease
Insufficient blood supply to the heart because one or more coronary arteries are obstructed
61
Endocarditis
Inflammation of the lining membranes of the heart
62
Fibrillation
Arrhythmia characterized by abnormal quivering of contraction of heart fibers, can cause cardiac arrest and death
63
Flutter
Arrhythmia in which atria beat too rapidly
64
Heart valve prolapse
Cusps of valves are too loose and fail to shut tightly, allowing backflow
65
Heart valve stenosis
Cusps are too stiff and can't fully open or shut, making it hard for blood to flow through and allowing backflow
66
Myocardial infarction
Partial or complete occlusion or closing of one or more of the coronary arteries Aka heart attack
67
Myocarditis
Inflammation of muscle layer of the heart wall
68
Pericarditis
Inflammation or pericardial sac
69
Tetralogy of Fallot
Combination of pulmonary stenosis, interventricular septal defect, improper placement of the aorta, and hypertrophy of right ventricle
70
Valvulitis
Inflammation of heart valve
71
Aneurysm
Widening of the artery, common in abdominal aorta and cerebral arteries in brain
72
Arteriorrhexis
Ruptured artery
73
Arteriosclerosis
Hardening of arterial walls
74
Atheroma
Deposit of fatty substance in the wall of an artery that narrows the lumen Aka plaque
75
Atherosclerosis
Hardening of the fatty substance in the arteries
76
Coarctation of the aorta
Severe congenital narrowing of the aorta
77
Congenital
Present from birth
78
Hemorrhoid
Varicose veins in anal region
79
Hypertension
Blood pressure is above the normal range
80
Hypotension
Decrease in blood pressure
81
Patent ductus arteriosis
Connection between pulmonary artery and aorta fails to close at birth
82
Peripheral vascular disease
Any condition affecting blood vessels outside the heart
83
Phlebitis
Inflammation of a vein
84
Polyarteritis
Inflammation of several arteries
85
Raynaud's phenomenon
Periodic ischemic attacks affecting the extremities, causing them to become cyanotic and very painful
86
Thrombophlebitis
Inflammation of a vein resulting in formation of blood clots
87
Varicose veins
Swollen and distended veins, usually in the legs
88
Auscultation
Listening to sounds within body by using a stethoscope
89
Sphygmomanometer
Instrument for measuring blood pressure Aka blood pressure cuff
90
Stethoscope
Instrument for listening to body sounds (auscultation)
91
Cardiac enzymes
Blood test to determine the level of enzymes in the blood, too many may result in heart damage
92
Serum lipoprotein level
Blood test to measure amount of cholesterol and triglycerides in blood, indicator of atherosclerosis
93
Angiogram
X-ray record of a vessel
94
Angiography
Process of taking an xray of a blood vessel Aortic angiography, angiocardiography, and cerebral angiography
95
Cardiac scan
Injecting radioactive thallium in the veins and scanning to determine heart damage
96
Doppler ultrasonography
Measurement of sound save echoes as they bounce off tissues and organs to produce an image
97
Echocardiography
Using ultrasound to visualize internal cardiac structures
98
Catheter
Flexible tube inserted into the body that moves fluids in or out of the body
99
Cardiac catheterization
Passing a thin tube catheter through a blood vessel leading to the heart
100
Electrocardiogram
Record of the hearts electrical activity from electrocardiography
101
Electrocardiography
Process of recording electrical activity of the heart
102
Holter monitor
Portable ECG monitor worn by a patient to assess the heart and pulse activity as the person goes through daily living
103
Stress testing
Evaluates cardiovascular fitness by using a treadmill or bicycle Aka exercise test or treadmill test
104
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
Restores cardiac output and air to lungs for someone in cardiac arrest by using chest compressions and artificial respiration
105
Defibrillation
Giving electric shock to convert irregular heartbeats Automated external defibrillators (AED) detect the arrhythmias ad deliver appropriate shock, designed for non-medical personnel
106
Extracorporeal circulation
Routing blood to a heart-lung machine to be oxygenated and pumped back to the body during open heart surgery
107
Implantable cardioverterdefibrillator
Delivers electric shock to restore normal heart rhythm
108
Pacemaker implantation
Substitutes for natural pacemaker(sinoatrial node) of the heart, controls heartbeats
109
Thrombolytic therapy
Drugs are injected into a blood vessel to dissolve clots
110
Aneurysmectomy
Surgical removal of the sac of an aneurysm
111
Arterial anastomosis
Surgically joining two arteries
112
Anther ectomy
Surgical procedure to remove an atheroma from an artery
113
Coronary artery bypass graft
Blood vessel from another location is grafted to route blood around a blocked coronary artery
114
Embolectomy
Removal of embolus(clot) from blood vessel
115
Endarterectomy
Removal of damaged inner lining of an artery
116
Heart transplantation
Replacing the entire heart
117
Intracoronary artery stent
Placing a stent in a coronary artery to treat coronary ischemia due to atherosclerosis Basically keeps the artery from being blocked
118
Ligation and stripping
Treats varicose veins by tying off (ligation) and removing (stripping) the vein
119
Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
Insertion of a balloon catheter into a coronary artery and inflating it to dilate the artery
120
Stent
Stainless steel tube placed in a blood vessel to widen the lumen
121
Valve replacement
Removal and replacement of a heart valve with an artificial valve
122
Valvoplasty
Surgical repair of a heart valve
123
ACE inhibitor drugs
Produce vasodilation and decrease bold pressure Ex) capoten
124
Antiarrhythmic
Reduces or prevents cardiac arrhythmias Ex) convert
125
Anticoagulent
Prevents blood clot formation Ex) heparin
126
Antilipidemic
Reduces amounts of lipids in bloodstream Ex) Lipitor
127
Antiplatelet agents
Inhibits ability of platelets to clump together as part of a blood clot Ex) plavix, aspirin
128
Beta-blocker drugs
Lowers heart rate Ex) inderal
129
Calcium channel blocker drugs
Causes heart to beat less forcefully and less often Ex) procardia
130
Cardiotonic
Increases force of cardiac muscle contractions Ex) lanoxin
131
Diuretic
Increases urine production resulting in lower blood pressure Ex) lasix
132
Thrombolytic
Dissolves blood clots Ex) activase
133
Vasoconstrictor
Contracts blood vessels and raises blood pressure Ex) aramine
134
Vasodilator
Dilates blood vessel and lowers blood pressure Ex) nitroglycerin
135
Pumps blood through blood vessels, made of cardiac muscle fibers Has four chambers and averages 60-100 beats a minute
Heart
136
Carries blood away from the heart
Artery
137
Carries blood toward the heart, thinner-walled than arteries
Vein
138
Exchange site between blood and tissues, very thin walled to allow diffusion of oxygen and nutrients
Capillary
139
Aka circulatory system Maintains distribution of blood throughout the body and collects waste from cells Composed of heart, arteries, capillaries, and veins
Cardiovascular system
140
Between heart and lungs; transports deoxygenated blood to lungs to get oxygen, then back to the heart
Pulmonary circulation
141
Carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to tissues and cells, then back to the heart
Systemic circulation
142
Tip of heart at lower edge
Apex
143
Inner layer of the heart, lining the chambers Serves to reduce friction as blood passes through
Endocardium
144
Muscular middle layer of heart Provides pressure needed to pump blood
Myocardium
145
Outer layer of the heart, also called the visceral pericardium
Epicardium
146
Two upper chambers of the heart, receive blood, divided by the interatrial septum
Atria
147
Two lower chambers of the heart, pumping chambers, divided by the interventricular septum
Ventricles
148
Restraining gates to control the direction of blood flow, situated at entrances and exits to ventricles
Heart valves
149
Atrioventricular valve meaning it controls opening between right atrium and right ventricle, has three cusps
Tricuspid valve
150
Semilunar valve, meaning it looks like a half moon. Located between right ventricle and pulmonary artery
Pulmonary valve
151
Bicuspid valve, has two cusps. Controls opening between left atrium and left ventricle
Mitral valve
152
Semilunar valve located between left ventricle and aorta
Aortic valve
153
Two large veins that deoxygenated blood from the body enters the right atrium through
Superior vena cava and inferior vena cava
154
Artery that carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs
Pulmonary artery
155
Four veins that oxygenated blood from the lungs enters the left atrium through
Pulmonary veins
156
Largest artery in the body that carries blood all over
Aorta
157
Period of time a heart chamber is relaxed
Diastole
158
When a heart chamber is contracted
Systole
159
Regulates automatic processes of body, controls heartbeat
Autonomic nervous system
160
Channel within blood vessels that blood flows through
Lumen
161
Smallest arteries that carry blood to the capillaries
Arterioles
162
Branch from the aorta, provide blood to the myocardium. Branch into smaller arteries as they travel through the body
Coronary arteries
163
Network of tiny blood vessels that make up capillaries Arterial blood flows in, venous blood flows out
Capillary bed
164
Smallest veins, blood leaving capillaries first enters these, then merges into larger veins
Venules
165
Measurement of force exerted by blood against the wall of a blood vessel-highest reading over the lowest reading
Blood pressure
166
Blood pressure when the ventricles are in systole, or contraction-highest blood pressure reading
Systolic pressure
167
Blood pressure when ventricles are in diastole, or resting-lowest blood pressure reading
Diastolic pressure
168
Diagnosis and treatment of conditions of the cardiovascular system
Cardiology
169
Professional trained to perform a variety of diagnostic and treatment procedures including electrocardiography, echocardiography, and exercise stress tests
Cardiovascular technician
170
Inflammation of a vessel
Angilitis
171
Muscle contraction of the smooth muscle in the wall of a vessel, narrowing it
Angiospasm
172
Narrowing of a vessel
Angiostenosis
173
Slow heart rate, usually less than 60 beats/min
Bradycardia
174
Obstruction of blood vessel by a blood clot broken off of a thrombus
Embolus
175
Area of tissue within an organ that undergoes necrosis following loss of blood supply
Infarct
176
Deficiency of blood supply due to obstruction of circulation
Ischemia
177
An abnormal sound arising from blood flowing through the heart that May or may not indicate a heart abnormality
Murmur
178
Sudden drop in blood pressure when standing up straight
Orthostatic hypotension
179
Pounding, racing, heartbeats
Palpitations
180
Yellow, fatty deposit of lipids in an artery, indication of atherosclerosis
Plaque
181
Backflow of blood through a valve
Regurgitation
182
Fast heart rate
Tachycardia
183
Blood clot within a vessel
Thrombus
184
Severe pain with a sensation of constriction around the heart caused by deficiency of oxygen
Angina pectoris
185
Irregularity in heartbeat
Arrhythmia
186
Complete stopping of heart activity
Cardiac arrest
187
Enlarged heart
Cardiomegaly
188
General term for disease of myocardium
Cardiomyopathy
189
A hole in the septum between two heart chambers, present at birth Atrial septal defect and ventrical septal defect
Congenital septal defect
190
Reduced outflow of blood from the left side of the heart because the left ventricle myocardium has become too weak to pump blood
Congestive heart failure
191
Insufficient blood supply to the heart because one or more coronary arteries are obstructed
Coronary artery disease
192
Inflammation of the lining membranes of the heart
Endocarditis
193
Arrhythmia characterized by abnormal quivering of contraction of heart fibers, can cause cardiac arrest and death
Fibrillation
194
Arrhythmia in which atria beat too rapidly
Flutter
195
Cusps of valves are too loose and fail to shut tightly, allowing backflow
Heart valve prolapse
196
Cusps are too stiff and can't fully open or shut, making it hard for blood to flow through and allowing backflow
Heart valve stenosis
197
Partial or complete occlusion or closing of one or more of the coronary arteries Aka heart attack
Myocardial infarction
198
Inflammation of muscle layer of the heart wall
Myocarditis
199
Inflammation or pericardial sac
Pericarditis
200
Combination of pulmonary stenosis, interventricular septal defect, improper placement of the aorta, and hypertrophy of right ventricle
Tetralogy of Fallot
201
Inflammation of heart valve
Valvulitis
202
Widening of the artery, common in abdominal aorta and cerebral arteries in brain
Aneurysm
203
Ruptured artery
Arteriorrhexis
204
Hardening of arterial walls
Arteriosclerosis
205
Deposit of fatty substance in the wall of an artery that narrows the lumen Aka plaque
Atheroma
206
Hardening of the fatty substance in the arteries
Atherosclerosis
207
Severe congenital narrowing of the aorta
Coarctation of the aorta
208
Present from birth
Congenital
209
Varicose veins in anal region
Hemorrhoid
210
Blood pressure is above the normal range
Hypertension
211
Decrease in blood pressure
Hypotension
212
Connection between pulmonary artery and aorta fails to close at birth
Patent ductus arteriosis
213
Any condition affecting blood vessels outside the heart
Peripheral vascular disease
214
Inflammation of a vein
Phlebitis
215
Inflammation of several arteries
Polyarteritis
216
Periodic ischemic attacks affecting the extremities, causing them to become cyanotic and very painful
Raynaud's phenomenon
217
Inflammation of a vein resulting in formation of blood clots
Thrombophlebitis
218
Swollen and distended veins, usually in the legs
Varicose veins
219
Listening to sounds within body by using a stethoscope
Auscultation
220
Instrument for measuring blood pressure Aka blood pressure cuff
Sphygmomanometer
221
Instrument for listening to body sounds (auscultation)
Stethoscope
222
Blood test to determine the level of enzymes in the blood, too many may result in heart damage
Cardiac enzymes
223
Blood test to measure amount of cholesterol and triglycerides in blood, indicator of atherosclerosis
Serum lipoprotein level
224
X-ray record of a vessel
Angiogram
225
Process of taking an xray of a blood vessel Aortic angiography, angiocardiography, and cerebral angiography
Angiography
226
Injecting radioactive thallium in the veins and scanning to determine heart damage
Cardiac scan
227
Measurement of sound save echoes as they bounce off tissues and organs to produce an image
Doppler ultrasonography
228
Using ultrasound to visualize internal cardiac structures
Echocardiography
229
Flexible tube inserted into the body that moves fluids in or out of the body
Catheter
230
Passing a thin tube catheter through a blood vessel leading to the heart
Cardiac catheterization
231
Record of the hearts electrical activity from electrocardiography
Electrocardiogram
232
Process of recording electrical activity of the heart
Electrocardiography
233
Portable ECG monitor worn by a patient to assess the heart and pulse activity as the person goes through daily living
Holter monitor
234
Evaluates cardiovascular fitness by using a treadmill or bicycle Aka exercise test or treadmill test
Stress testing
235
Restores cardiac output and air to lungs for someone in cardiac arrest by using chest compressions and artificial respiration
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
236
Giving electric shock to convert irregular heartbeats Automated external defibrillators (AED) detect the arrhythmias ad deliver appropriate shock, designed for non-medical personnel
Defibrillation
237
Routing blood to a heart-lung machine to be oxygenated and pumped back to the body during open heart surgery
Extracorporeal circulation
238
Delivers electric shock to restore normal heart rhythm
Implantable cardioverterdefibrillator
239
Substitutes for natural pacemaker(sinoatrial node) of the heart, controls heartbeats
Pacemaker implantation
240
Drugs are injected into a blood vessel to dissolve clots
Thrombolytic therapy
241
Surgical removal of the sac of an aneurysm
Aneurysmectomy
242
Surgically joining two arteries
Arterial anastomosis
243
Surgical procedure to remove an atheroma from an artery
Anther ectomy
244
Blood vessel from another location is grafted to route blood around a blocked coronary artery
Coronary artery bypass graft
245
Removal of embolus(clot) from blood vessel
Embolectomy
246
Removal of damaged inner lining of an artery
Endarterectomy
247
Replacing the entire heart
Heart transplantation
248
Placing a stent in a coronary artery to treat coronary ischemia due to atherosclerosis Basically keeps the artery from being blocked
Intracoronary artery stent
249
Treats varicose veins by tying off (ligation) and removing (stripping) the vein
Ligation and stripping
250
Insertion of a balloon catheter into a coronary artery and inflating it to dilate the artery
Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
251
Stainless steel tube placed in a blood vessel to widen the lumen
Stent
252
Removal and replacement of a heart valve with an artificial valve
Valve replacement
253
Surgical repair of a heart valve
Valvoplasty
254
Produce vasodilation and decrease bold pressure Ex) capoten
ACE inhibitor drugs
255
Reduces or prevents cardiac arrhythmias Ex) convert
Antiarrhythmic
256
Prevents blood clot formation Ex) heparin
Anticoagulent
257
Reduces amounts of lipids in bloodstream Ex) Lipitor
Antilipidemic
258
Inhibits ability of platelets to clump together as part of a blood clot Ex) plavix, aspirin
Antiplatelet agents
259
Lowers heart rate Ex) inderal
Beta-blocker drugs
260
Causes heart to beat less forcefully and less often Ex) procardia
Calcium channel blocker drugs
261
Increases force of cardiac muscle contractions Ex) lanoxin
Cardiotonic
262
Increases urine production resulting in lower blood pressure Ex) lasix
Diuretic
263
Dissolves blood clots Ex) activase
Thrombolytic
264
Contracts blood vessels and raises blood pressure Ex) aramine
Vasoconstrictor
265
Dilates blood vessel and lowers blood pressure Ex) nitroglycerin
Vasodilator
