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ESA 2 SEMESTER 2 TK > MSK - Bones And Joints > Flashcards

MSK - Bones And Joints Flashcards

1
Q

How many bones are there in the body?

A

206

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2
Q

What are the main functions of the skeleton?

A
  • support
  • protection
  • movement
  • mineral and growth factor storage
  • haematopoeisis
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3
Q

What are the different classifications of bone by shape?

A
  • flat bone (eg frontal part of skull)
  • sutural bone
  • irregular bone (eg vertebra)
  • long bone (eg femur)
  • sesamoid bone (eg patella)
  • short bone (eg carpal)
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4
Q

What is the function of a sesamoid bone?

A
  • modify pressure
  • diminish friction
  • alter direction of pull of a tendon
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5
Q

What is the main shaft of a long bone called?

A

Diaphysis

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6
Q

What is the ‘neck’ of a long bone called?

A

Metaphysis

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7
Q

Describe the composition of short, flat and sesamoid bones

A
  • consist mainly of spongy bone
  • thin layer of periosteum covered compact bone on outside
  • no epiphysis or diaphysis
  • contain bone marrow between trabeculae
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8
Q

What supplies the blood to bone marrow?

A

Nutrient artery - enters diaphysis via nutrient foramen

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9
Q

What supplies blood to the periosteum and outer third of the cortex?

A

Periosteal arteries

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10
Q

What supplies blood to the epiphysis of a long bone?

A

Epiphyseal artery

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11
Q

What is avascular necrosis?

A

Death of bone due to interruption of blood supply. Leads to collapse of necrotic segment and secondary osteoarthritis
(Also known as osteonecrosis, aseptic necrosis, ischaemic necrosis)

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12
Q

What are the causes of avascular necrosis?

A
  • fracture
  • dislocation
  • steroid use
  • radiation
  • decompression sickness (the bends)
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13
Q

What is a joint?

A

Articulation between two or more bones

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14
Q

What are the three structural classifications of joints?

A
  • fibrous
  • cartilaginous
  • synovial
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15
Q

Give some examples of fibrous joints

A
  • sutures of skull

- joints between roots of teeth and bone of mandible/maxilla

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16
Q

What is the difference between a primary and secondary cartilaginous joint?

A

Primary is united by hyaline cartilage, eg. 1st sternocostal joint.
Secondary comprises articulating bones covered with hyaline cartilage, with a pad of fibrocartilage between them, eg. intervertebral disc, manubriosternal joint

17
Q

Give some characteristics of synovial joints

A
  • ARTICULAR CARTILAGE (hyaline cartilage allows smooth, low friction movement and resists compression)
  • FIBROUS CAPSULE (contains collagen, completely encloses joint except synovial protrusions, stabilises joint)
  • SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE (thin and highly vascularised, lines capsule but does not cover articular cartilage, produces synovial fluid)
  • SYNOVIAL FLUID
  • INTRA-ARTICULAR MENISCI
  • FAT PADS
18
Q

What is a bursa?

A

A sac lined with synovial membrane and filled with synovial fluid. It can be communicating or non-communicating with the joint cavity

19
Q

What is a tendon sheath?

A

An elongated bursa which wraps around a tendon to reduce friction

20
Q

What is the function of synovial fluid?

A

Reduces friction, shock absorption, nutrient and waste transportation

21
Q

What is the composition of synovial fluid?

A

Hyaluronic acid, lubricin, proteinase, collagenase

22
Q

How is blood supplied to synovial joints?

A

Via periarticular arterial plexus

23
Q

What are the differences in blood supply within the synovial joint?

A
  • articular cartilage is avascular
  • fibrous capsule and ligaments have poor blood supply
  • synovial membrane has rich blood supply
24
Q

What does Hilton’s law suggest about nerve supply of joints?

A

Nerves supplying the joint capsule also supply the muscles moving the joint and the skin overlying the insertions of these muscles

25
Q

Describe a planar joint

A
  • articulating surface is flat or slightly curved
  • gliding/sliding movements
  • non-axial
    Eg. Sternoclavicular joint, intercarpal joints
26
Q

Describe a hinge joint

A
  • uniaxial
  • convex surface of one bone fits into concave surface of another
    Eg. Knee, ankle, humeroulnar joint of elbow
27
Q

Describe a pivot joint

A
  • uniaxial
  • rounded/pointed surface of one bone articulates within ring formed by the concavity of another bone and fibrous ligament
    Eg. Proximal radioulnar joint
28
Q

Describe a condyloid joint

A
  • biaxial
  • oval shaped condyle of one bone rests on elliptical cavity of another
  • movements are flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction
    Eg. Metacarpophalangeal joints
29
Q

Describe a saddle joint

A
  • biaxial joint
  • one bone is saddle shaped, other bone fits on top
  • movements include flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, circumduction
    Eg. 1st metacarpal joint
30
Q

Describe ball and socket joints

A
  • multiaxial
  • ball-like surface of one bone fits into cup-like surface of another
  • movements are flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction and rotation
    Eg. Hip, shoulder
31
Q

Give some factors affecting stability and range of motion at synovial joints

A
  • structure/shape of articulating bones
  • strength and tension of joint ligaments
  • arrangement and tone of muscles
  • apposition of neighbouring soft tissues
  • hormones
  • use/disuse
32
Q

What is the theory behind joint cracking?

A
  • bones are pulled away from each other
  • synovial cavity expands
  • synovial fluid volume stays constant
  • partial vacuum produced
  • gases dissolved in synovial fluid and pulled out of solution
  • makes a popping sound
33
Q

What is the effect of ageing on joints?

A
  • decreased production of synovial fluid
  • thinning of articular cartilage
  • shortening of ligaments and decreased flexibility
  • degenerative changes
34
Q

What are the external signs of arthritis?

A

redness, swelling, deformity, tenderness, reduced range of movement, abnormal gait

35
Q

What is the most common form of arthritis?

A

Osteoarthritis

36
Q

What is rheumatoid arthritis?

A

An autoimmune disorder where antibodies attack the synovium leading to synovial inflammation (pannus)

37
Q

Which other organs are damaged by rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Eyes, skin, lungs, heart and blood vessels, kidneys, blood

38
Q

What are the X-ray features of rheumatoid arthritis?

A
  • narrowing of joint space
  • periarticular osteopenia
  • juxta-articular bony erosions
  • subluxation and gross deformity

ESA 2 SEMESTER 2 TK (87 decks)

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