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ESA 2 SEMESTER 2 TK > Infection - Adaptive Immune Response > Flashcards

Infection - Adaptive Immune Response Flashcards

1
Q

Give some features of antigen presenting cells

A
  • strategically located (skin, mucous membranes, lymphoid organs, blood circulation)
  • pathogen capture (phagocytosis and macropinocytosis of soluble particles)
  • diversity in pathogen sensors (can sense both extracellular and intracellular pathogens)
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2
Q

Where are dendritic cells found?

A

Lymph nodes, mucous membranes and blood

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3
Q

What do dendritic cells present antigens to?

A

Naive T-cells

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4
Q

Where are Lagerhans cells found?

A

Skin

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5
Q

What do Langerhans cells present antigens to?

A

Naive T cells

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6
Q

Where are macrophages found?

A

Various tissues

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7
Q

What do macrophages present antigens to?

A

Effector T cells

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8
Q

Where are B cells found?

A

Lymphoid tissues

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9
Q

What do B cells present antigens to?

A

Effector T cells and naive T cells

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10
Q

What are major histocompatibility complexes?

A

They hold the antigens that are presented to T cells

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11
Q

True or false - MHCs are only used in humoral immunity?

A

False - they are used in both humoral and cell-dependent immunity

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12
Q

What sort of MHC are HLA-A, HLA-B and HLA-C?

A

They are all class 1 molecules, found on all nucleated cells

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13
Q

What are HLA-DR, HLA-DQ and HLA-DP all examples of?

A

Class II molecules, found on dendritic cells, macrophages and B cells

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14
Q

Which type of MHC molecules present to intracellular pathogens?

A

Class I

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15
Q

What type of MHC molecule present to extracellular molecules?

A

Class II molecules

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16
Q

Give some key features of MHC class I and II molecules

A
  • co-dominant expression (both parental genes expressed, meaning increased number of different MHC molecules)
  • polymorphic genes (different alleles in different individuals increase presentation of different antigens)
17
Q

What are intracellular microbes?

A

Viruses, some bacteria, protozoa

18
Q

What are extracellular microbes?

A

Bacteria, parasites, worms, fungi

19
Q

Where are T cells matured?

A

In the thymus

20
Q

True or false - there are two types of CD4 cell that can be activated to counter extracellular microbes

A

True - TH2 and TH17. There is only one which can work against intracellular microbes - TH1

21
Q

What are the roles of TH1 CD4+ cells?

A
  • activate CD8 which activate cytotoxic T lymphocytes, which target infected cells via perforins and granzymes
  • activate B cells which produce antibodies
  • activate macrophages which work with antibodies to kill opsonised microbes
22
Q

What are the roles of TH2 CD4+ cells?

A
  • activate eosinophils which kill parasites
  • activate B cells which produce antibodies
  • activate mast cells which cause local inflammation and allergies
23
Q

What is the role of TH17 cells?

A

Produce neutrophils which phagocytose other molecules

24
Q

What is the difference between the primary and secondary antibody response?

A

Primary - mostly IgM produced, IgG builds up
Secondary - on secondary infection, less IgM is produced and far more IgG is made, which causes the secondary response to be faster, stronger, have a longer duration and a higher affinity.

25
Q

What are the functions of IgG?

A
  • Fc-dependent phagocytosis
  • complement activation
  • neonatal immunity
  • toxin/virus neutralisation
26
Q

What are the functions of IgA?

A

Mucosal immunity

27
Q

What are the functions of IgM?

A

Complement activation

28
Q

What are the functions of IgE?

A
  • Immunity against helminths

- mast cell degranulation

29
Q

Are extracellular microbes attacked by humoral or cell-dependent immunity?

A

Extracellular microbes - humoral immunity

Intracellular microbes - cell-dependent immunity

ESA 2 SEMESTER 2 TK (87 decks)

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