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ESA 2 SEMESTER 2 TK > MEH - Energy Production (Lipids) > Flashcards

MEH - Energy Production (Lipids) Flashcards

1
Q

Which are more reduced, carbohydrates or lipids?

A

Lipids, meaning that they release more energy when oxidised but complete oxidation requires more O2.

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2
Q

What are the three general classes of lipids?

A

1) fatty acid derivatives
2) hydroxy-methyl-glutaric acid derivatives
3) vitamins

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3
Q

What are the different types of fatty acid derivatives?

A
  • fatty acids
  • triacylglycerols (triglycerides)
  • phospholipids
  • eicosanoids
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4
Q

What are the different types of HMG acid derivatives?

A
  • ketone bodies
  • cholesterol
  • cholesterol esters
  • bile acids and salts
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5
Q

What are the different types of fat soluble vitamins?

A

A, D, E and K

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6
Q

How are triacylglycerols structured?

A

Three fatty acid side chains with a glycerol backbone

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7
Q

When would triacylglycerols be used as an energy source?

A

During prolonged exercise, when in starvation, during pregnancy

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8
Q

What does a triacylglycerol form when it undergoes lipolysis?

A

A glycerol molecule and three fatty acids

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9
Q

Why are triacylglycerols stored in an anhydrous form?

A

They are hydrophobic

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10
Q

What controls the storage and mobilisation of triacylglycerols?

A

Hormones

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11
Q

In the first stage of metabolism of triacylglycerol, it is hydrolysed by which enzymes, and where?

A

Pancreatic lipases in the small intestine

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12
Q

Once fatty acids and glycerol are broken down in the SI, how are they transported to consumer tissues or adipose tissue?

A

They are recombined in the small intestine and transported as TAG by lipoproteins (chylomicrons) via lymphatics

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13
Q

Which tissues cannot use fatty acids?

A

Cells without mitochondria, eg. red blood cells, and the brain as fatty acids do not easily pass the blood-brain barrier

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14
Q

What happens when there is low extracellular [glucose] in adipose tissue?

A

Fatty acids are released as an alternative fuel

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15
Q

What is the general formula for fatty acids?

A

CH3(CH2)nCOOH where n = 13-17

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16
Q

True or false - fatty acids are amphipathic?

A

True

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17
Q

Why are certain fatty acids required in diet?

A

Because mammals cannot introduce a double bond beyond C9, so we cannot synthesise them

18
Q

Where does stage two of fatty acid metabolism take place?

A

In the mitochondria

19
Q

The first step of the second stage of fatty acid catabolism actually occurs outside the mitochondria. What is this bit?

A

The fatty acid is activated by linking to coenzyme A outside the mitochondrion. This uses the enzyme fatty acyl CoA synthase.

20
Q

How are activated fatty acids transported across the mitochondrial membrane?

A

Fatty acyl-CoA donates acrylic group to carnitine. The carnitine shuttle transporter then moves the acyl carnitine through the membrane. The acyl group is donated back to a coenzyme A within the membrane.

21
Q

What inhibits the carnitine shuttle?

A

Malonyl-coA

22
Q

What happens to the activated fatty acids once they have been transported through the membrane?

A

They cycle through a sequence of oxidative reactions, with 2 carbons removed each cycle. They reduce FAD and NAD+

23
Q

Where do the end products of fatty acid catabolism go?

A

The acetyl CoA goes to the Krebs cycle, and the reduced electron carriers go to oxidative phosphorylation

24
Q

Which has a higher yield of ATP when broken down, fatty acids or glucose?

A

Fatty acids

25
Q

Is ATP synthesised during fatty acid metabolism?

A

Technically no, as is is produced during oxidative phosphorylation which is part of another process

26
Q

Where is glycerol metabolised?

A

The liver - it is transported here in the blood

27
Q

How is glycerol metabolised?

A
  • changed into glycerol phosphate by glycerol kinase (using ATP)
  • glycerol phosphate is either used for triacylglycerol synthesis or converted to dihydroxyacetone phosphate (reducing a NAD+ on the way) which goes to glycolysis
28
Q

Why does acetyl CoA have a high energy of hydrolysis?

A

The acetyl group is joined to coenzyme A by the S atom, which has a high energy of hydrolysis

29
Q

True or false - acetyl CoA is an intermediate in both catabolic and anabolic pathways?

A

True, it really is an EXCITING molecule (I hate MEH so much)

30
Q

What are the three ketone bodies synthesised by the body?

A
  • acetoacetate
  • acetone
  • beta-hydroxybutyrate
31
Q

What is the normal plasma ketone body concentration?

A

Less than one mM

32
Q

What is the plasma ketone conc. in starvation?

A

2-10 mM (physiological ketosis)

33
Q

What is the plasma ketone conc. in untested type 1 diabetics?

A

Over 10 mM (pathological ketosis)

34
Q

What are ketone bodies synthesised by?

A

Liver mitochondria

35
Q

What are ketone bodies synthesised from?

A

Hydroxymethyl glutaryl-CoA

36
Q

What does HMG CoA-reductase do?

A

Causes HMG-CoA to become mevalonate, then cholesterol. Statin drugs inhibit this

37
Q

How is ketone body production controlled?

A

If there is low NAD+ substrate availability, then there will be NADH product inhibition. This causes two enzymes to be inhibited, stopping the Krebs cycle. Acetyl-CoA is diverted away and used for ketone body formation instead.

38
Q

Why is cholesterol sometimes formed instead of ketone bodies?

A

When insulin is high (in ‘fed state’) then lyase is inhibited and reductase activated, meaning that cholesterol is synthesised.

When insulin is low (starvation, diabetes) lyase is activated and reductase inhibited so ketone bodies are formed

39
Q

What is the point of ketone body formation?

A

It spares glucose when the body is undergoing starvation, meaning glucose can still be used for cells that require it eg. The brain

40
Q

What is ketonuria?

A

This is when ketones are excreted in the urine because they are above the renal threshold

41
Q

Why may people develop a smell of nail varnish remover on their breath?

A

Either they ate nail varnish remover or volatile acetone in their body is being excreted via the lungs

ESA 2 SEMESTER 2 TK (87 decks)

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