1. Fibrous 2. Cartilaginous 3. Synovial

1. Synovial capsule 2. Synovial membrane 3. Synovial cavity 4. Synovial fluid 5. Articular cartilage 6. Articular disc 7. Meniscus 8. Labrum 9. Bursa

MSK 2 Flashcards by Diarratou Kaba

Joints

Point of contact, articulation

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Between bones

Always connective tissue

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Structural vs. functional joint

How joint is structured vs. how it moves

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2 structural classifications of joints

Joined by solid mass of CT (fibrous, cartilaginous)
Joined by lubricated capsule (synovial)

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Types of joints

Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial

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Ligaments

Connect bone to bone
Composed of dense CT

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Intrinsic ligament

Binds bone

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Extrinsic ligament

Support, ROM

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Fibrous joints

Solid mass of dense irregular connective tissue
1. Suture
2. Syndesmosis
3. Gomphosis

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Suture

Seam
ex. Skull
Slightly movable in kids, not in adults

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Gomphosis

Bolt or nail
ex. tooth, periodontal ligament

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Syndemosis

Band
ex. forearm

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Cartilaginous joint

Solid mass of cartilage
1. Symphysis
2. Synchondrosis

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Synchondrosis

Hyaline CT
ex. ephyseal growth plate

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Symphysis

Hyaline CT
Bones connect by fibrocartilage
ex. midline bones, like pubis

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Synovial joint

Synovial capsule
Synovial membrane
Synovial cavity
Synovial fluid
Articular cartilage
Articular disc
Meniscus
Labrum
Bursa

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Synovial capsule

Sleeve around two bones
Supported by collagen and tendon

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Synovial membrane

Creates synovial fluid

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Synovial cavity

Holds synovial fluid

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Synovial fluid

Lubricates, reduces frictions, absorbs shocks

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Articular cartilage

Hyaline CT, reduces friction

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Articular disc

Complete disc of fibrocartilage

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Meniscus

Incomplete fibrocartilage, improves fit, redistributes weight

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Labrum

Fibrocartilage, deepens ball and socket

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Bursa

Sac of fluid, reduces friction

Anatomical position

Standing straight with palms forwar

Adduction

Move towards body Coronal plane

Abduction

Move away from body Coronal plane

Flexion

Bend, decrease angle Sagittal planee

Extension

Extend, increase angle Sagittal plane

Circumduction

Flexion, abduction, extension, adduction

Rotation

Internal/external Medial/lateral

Types of synovial

1. Pivot 2. Hinge 3. Saddle 4. Plane 5. Condyloid 6. Ball & socket

Pivot joint

Neck

Saddle joint

Thumb

Hinge joint

Elbow, knee

Ball and socket joint

Hip, shoulder

Condyloid joint

Wrist

Plane joint

Ankle

Osteoarthritis

Degenerative; break down of articular cartilage

Crystal arthritis OR gout

Uric acid deposits due to diet

Rheumatod arthritis

Autoimmune, attacks synovium

Muscles

Excitable Contractible Extensible Flexible Produce body movement, heat

Types of muscle

1. Skeletal 2. Smooth 3. Cardiac

Skeletal muscle

Striated, mostly voluntary

Smooth muscle

Nonstriated, involuntary

Cardiac muscle

Striated, involuntary

Myofibers = muscle fibers = muscle cells

Formed from fusion of myoblasts Existing muscle fibers hypertrophy

Sarcolemma

Plasma membrane of muscle cell

T tubules

Invaginations in membrane, allow action potentials to propogate

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Fluid filled, stores calcium

Sarcoplasm

Cytoplasm of muscle cells, contains organelles

Myofibrils

Allow contraction, extend entire length of cell

Contractile component of myofibrils

ATP to mechanical Myosin + actin filaments

Myosin

Thick filament

Actin

Thin filament, has myosin binding site

Regulatory component of myofibrils

Tropomyosin + troponin

Tropomyosin

Block `myosin binding site, prevents myosin from binding actin in relaxed muscle

Troponin

Holds tropomyosin in place, binds calcium

Structural component of myofibril

Sarcomere

Functional unit

Sliding filament model

Filaments don't shorten, they slide Sarcomeres shorten

Muscle

Continuous connective tissue

Endomysium

Surrounds individual muscle cells

Perimysium

Surrounds fascicles, which are groups of muscle cells

Epimysium

Thick connective tissue, binds all fascicles together

Tendon

Connects muscle to bone

Tendons

Highly ordered collagen fibers Poorly vascularized Different shapes and sizes

Fascia

Bandage, wraps around of muscles

Isometric contraction

Contraction without a change in length

Isotonic contraction

Contraction with change in length

Concentric contraction

Muscle shortens

Eccentric contraction

Muscle lengthens More likely to injure

Origin

Attachment to stationary bone (usually proximal or superior)

Insertion

Attachment to movable bone (usually distal or inferior)

Primer mover

Most force and movement

Synergist

Muscle that helps the prime mover

Antagonist

Muscle that opposes prime mover Can relax or maintain some tension

Fixator

Prevents bone from moving, steadies