MSK 1

Question 1

Components of skeletal system

Answer 1

Osseous tissue
Cartilage
Dense CT
Marrow
Neurovasculature

Question 2

Osseous tissue

Answer 2

Mineralized CT
Organic = collagen - flexibility
Inorganic = minerals - hardness

Question 3

Cartilage

Answer 3

Mostly hyaline
Function as joints or bone ossification
Avascular

Question 4

Dense CT

Answer 4

Periosteum
Tendons
Ligaments

Question 5

Marrow

Answer 5

Yellow and red

Question 6

Yellow bone marrow

Answer 6

Stores adipocytes, supports blood vessels and cells

Question 7

Red bone marrow

Answer 7

In fetus and first few years
Hemopoietic - blood forming
Later become yellow marrow
Some stay red like spine, sternum, wrists

Question 8

Neurovasculature

Answer 8

Arteries - carry oxygenated blood away from heart
Veins - carry deoxygenated blood back to heart

Question 9

Tensile strength/force

Answer 9

Stretching

Question 10

Compressive strength/force

Answer 10

Compressing

Question 11

Shear strength/force

Answer 11

Pulling in opposite directions

Question 12

Axial skeleton

Answer 12

Bones in center/midline of body such as spine, neck, head, pelvic

Question 13

Appendicular skeleton

Answer 13

Limbs
Come out from middle

Question 14

Long bones

Answer 14

Articular cartilage
Ephysis
Metaphysis - contain ephyseal plate/line
Diaphysis

Periosteum
Medullary cavity
Endosteum

Question 15

Diaphysis

Answer 15

Shaft of bone

Question 16

Ephysis

Answer 16

Ends of bone

Question 17

Metaphysis

Answer 17

In between diaphysis and ephysis

Question 18

Ephyseal plate

Answer 18

Starts as hyaline cartilage joint - synchondrosis
Allows growth
With age become ephyseal line

Question 19

Articular cartilage

Answer 19

Thin layer of hyaline. remaining after cartilage model bone ossification

Question 20

Periosteum

Answer 20

Outer surface of bone with inner osteogenic layer and outer fibrous layer

Question 21

Medullar cavity

Answer 21

Contains bone marrow and blood vessels

Question 22

Endosteum

Answer 22

Layer of cells lining medullary cavity and trabeculae

Question 23

Cells associated with osseous tissue

Answer 23

Osteogenic cells
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts

Question 24

Osteogenic cells

Answer 24

Bone stem cells derived from mesenchyme, able to divide, later become osteoblasts

Question 25

Osteoblasts

Answer 25

Build bone, create collagen fibers

Question 26

Osteocytes

Answer 26

Maintain metabolism

Question 27

Osteoclasts

Answer 27

Consume bone through releasee of enzymes and acids Formed through fusion of WBC

Question 28

ECM

Answer 28

Surround cells Mineral (hydroxyapatite) + collagen fibers + water

Question 29

Compact bone

Answer 29

Bending strength External layers Mostly diaphyses Cortical, dense

Question 30

Spongy

Answer 30

Compress strength Internal filling Mostly short, flat bones Trabecullar, cancellous

Question 31

Compact bone features

Answer 31

- organized as osteons along lines of stress - concentric lamallae - perforating canals around neurovasculature - circumferential lamellae line

Question 32

Spongy bone features

Answer 32

- Made up of trabecullae along lines of stress - Contain concentric lamellae and osteophytes - Large space filled with bone marrow

Question 33

Bone formation

Answer 33

Around 6 weeks, from mesechymal skeleton Intramembraneous ossification vs endochondral ossification

Question 34

Intramembraneous ossification

Answer 34

Mesenchyme to bone Mostly for flat bones of skull, facial, mandible, clavicle Widening and thickening

Question 35

Endochondral ossification

Answer 35

Mesenchyme to cartilage model to bone Most bones from this way

Question 36

Ossification

Answer 36

Formation of bone

Question 37

Cartilage model

Answer 37

Chondroblasts create hyaline cartilage

Question 38

Interstitial growth

Answer 38

Growth from within, length wise

Question 39

Appositional growth

Answer 39

Growth from outer surface, thickness

Question 40

Bone remodeling

Answer 40

Balance between osteoblasts and osteoclasts

Question 41

Minerals

Answer 41

Calcium and phosphorous - minerals, hardness

Question 42

Vitamin D

Answer 42

Calcitriol - helps absorption of calcium

Question 43

Vitamin C

Answer 43

Important for collagen synthesis

Question 44

Calcitonin

Answer 44

Decrease blood calcium, inhibits osteoclasts, activates osteoblasts

Question 45

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Answer 45

Increase blood calcium, inhibit osteoblasts, activate osteoclasts

Question 46

Sex hormones

Answer 46

Promote bone lengthening

Question 47

Human growth hormone

Answer 47

Overall bone growth

Question 48

Types of fractures

Answer 48

Open vs closed Comminuated Impacted Greenstick

Question 49

Comminuated fracture

Answer 49

Crumbled or shattered

Question 50

Impacted fracture

Answer 50

Bone pressed into each other

Question 51

Greenstick fracture

Answer 51

Partial, juvenile

Question 52

Repair of fracture

Answer 52

Open reduction = surgical Closed reduction = manual

Question 53

Aging of osseous tissue

Answer 53

Decreased minerals - loss of bone mass Decreased collagen - brittleness

Question 54

Osteoporosis

Answer 54

reabsorption > deposition bone pain, easier to fracture

Question 55

Osteoporosis risk factors

Answer 55

Older women Smaller build Sedentary lifestyle