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FMS > MSCT Week 1: Connective Tissue, Cartilage and Bone > Flashcards

MSCT Week 1: Connective Tissue, Cartilage and Bone Flashcards

1
Q

The stroma

A

structural support and connecting framework provided by connective tissue

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2
Q

ECM AKA

A

Extracellular Matrix

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3
Q

Ground Substance AKA

A

ECM

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4
Q

Ground substance consists of?

A

represents a combination of collagens, noncollagenous glycoproteins, and proteoglycans surrounding the cells of connective tissue

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5
Q

The resident cell of connective tissue is?

A

The fibroblast which is responsible for the production and maintenance of the ECM

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6
Q

Immigrint cells to the connective tissue include…

A
  • macrophages
  • mast cells
  • plasma cells
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7
Q

has an important role in immune and inflammatory responses and tissue repair after injury

A

connective tissue

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8
Q

types of connective tissue proper

A
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9
Q

Types of specialized connective tissue

4 listed

A
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10
Q

Where is loose connective tissue typically found?

A

surrounding blood vessels, nerves, and muscles

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11
Q

Identify

A
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12
Q

Dense connective tissue contains more _________ than _____________.

A
  • fibers

than

  • Cells
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13
Q

Loose connective tissue contains more _________ than _____________.

A
  • Cells

than

  • Fibers
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14
Q

When the collagen fibers are preferentially oriented as in tendons, ligaments, and the cornea the tissue is?

A

Dense Regular connective tissue

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15
Q

when collagen fibers are randomly oriented as in the dermis of the skin and wall of the intestine the tissue is called?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

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16
Q

Dense _______ connective tissue is poorly vascularized.

A

Regular

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17
Q

Identify

A

Dense regular Connective Tissue

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18
Q

Identify

A

Dense irregular connective Tissue

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19
Q

Glycosaminoglycans AKA

A

GAGs

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20
Q

GAGs AKA

A

Glycosaminoglycans

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21
Q

Glycosaminoglycans are?

A
  • long unbranched polysaccharides consisting of repeating disaccharide units
  • Thes molecules are highly negatively charged and associate with large amounts of water to create hydrated gels with high viscosity and low compressibility
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22
Q

Glycosaminoglycans charge

A

Glycosaminoglycans are highly negatively charged and associate with large amounts of water to create hydrated gels with high viscosity and low compressibility

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23
Q

Glycosaminoglycans of physiological significance

6 Listed

A
  • hyaluronic acid
  • dermatan sulfate
  • chondroitin sulfate
  • heparin
  • heparan sulfate
  • keratan sulfate
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24
Q

What are these?

A
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25
Q

Proteoglycans are?

A

constitute a family of macromolecules composed of a protein core to which at least one glycosaminoglycan is covalently bound

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26
Q

the simplest proteoglycan is?

A

Decorin

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27
Q

What is this?

A

A proteoglycan (specifically aggrecan)

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28
Q

Proteoglycan charge

A

highly negatively charged molecules

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29
Q

Proteoglycan function

A

these molecules help to organize and stabilize the matrix by interaction with other molecules

&

because of their negative charge create a barrier to the passage of positively charged molecules

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30
Q

Proteoglycans are found where?

A

a component of the basal lamina of epithelial cells and because their negative charge create a barrier to the passage of positively charged molecules

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31
Q

What are these?

A

Adhesive Glycoproteins

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32
Q

Adhesive Glycoproteins functions

2 Listed

A
  • a component of the ECM of some tissues to help to faciliate the attachment of cells to the ECM
  • also involved in affecting the growth, survival, morphology, differentiation and motility of cells
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33
Q

Well-known Adhesive Glycoproteins

A
  • Laminin
    • Fibronectin
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34
Q

Adhesive Glycoproteins signature bonds

A
  • disulfide-bonded subunits

&

  • have binding sites for cells and other components of the ECM
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35
Q

The most abundant proteins found in the animal kingdom

A

Collagen

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36
Q

Major protein of the ECM?

A

Collagen

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37
Q

There are at least ____ types of collagen

A

28

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38
Q

describe the structure of collagen…

A
  • three collagen α-chains associate in a characteristic right-handed triple helix to form the collagen molecule
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39
Q

Collagen α-chain Amino Acid sequence

A

each α-chain has a characteristic amino acid sequence where every third amino acid is glycine that allows for the proper formation of the triple helix

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40
Q

Individual collagen molecules associate with one another to form higher-ordered structures called…

A

collagen fibers

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41
Q

Collagen biosynthesis steps

5 listed

A
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42
Q

Mutations of the collagen gene, propeptidases or the lysyl oxidase enzyme can lead to the formation of?

A

abnormal collagens and a variety of musculoskeletal diseases

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43
Q

abnormal collagens arise from mutations in?

3 listed

A
  • collagen gene
  • propeptidases
  • lysyl oxidase enzyme
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44
Q

Priniciple cell type of collagen

A

Chondrocytes

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45
Q

Cartilage is typically surrounded by?

A

fibrous connective tissue layer called perichondrium

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46
Q

Perichondrium contains

A

stem cells that differentiate into chondroblasts which eventually give rise to chondrocytes

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47
Q

How does cartilage receive nutrition?

A

diffusion through the ECM because cartilage is avascular

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48
Q

Cartilage grows by 2 mechanisms

2 Listed

A
  • interstitial growth by the division of existing chondrocytes within the cartilage
  • appositional growth by the production of new chondroblasts and chondrocytes at the surface of the cartilage from the stem cells in the perichondrium
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49
Q

Types of cartilage

3 Listed

A
  • Hyaline Cartilage
  • Elastic Cartilage
  • Fibrous Cartilage
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50
Q

Hyaline cartilage attributes

A
  • Avascular (heals poorly)
  • surrounded by a perichondrium
  • chondrocytes surrounded by a matrix of Type II collagen, proteoglycans and
  • water provides the compressive strength of hyaline cartilage and moves freely in and out of the matrix in response to compressive stress (this is important for the deformation of cartilage and exchange of nutrients and waste products)
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51
Q

Hyaline cartilage is found

3 listed

A
  • in the skeleton of the embryo
  • articular cartilage in joints
  • cartilage of the respiratory tract
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52
Q

Identify

A

Hyaline Cartilage

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53
Q

Elastic Cartilage Attributes

3 listed

A
  • avascular (heals poorly)
  • Surrounded by perichondrium
  • chondrocytes surrounded by a matrix of type II collagen, proteoglycans and elastic fibers
54
Q

Elastic Cartilage found?

2 listed

A
  • External ear
  • epiglottis
55
Q

Identify

A

Elastic Cartilage

56
Q

Fibrous Cartilage Attributes

3 Listed

A
  • Avascular (heals poorly)
  • No perichondrium
  • chondrocytes surrounded by a matrix of Type I collagen. resembles dense connective tissue
57
Q

Fibrous Cartilage found

A

found in the intervertebral discs, menisci of the knee, pubic symphysis

58
Q

Identify

A

Fibrous Cartilage

59
Q

Bone ECM

A

the ECM has become impregnated with calcium salts and phosphate by a process called mineralization

60
Q

Bone Vascularization

A

Bone is highly vascularized and very metabolically active

61
Q

Primary functions of bone

3 Listed

A
  • provide attachment sites for muscles
  • protect the soft tissue organs in the body
  • serve as a reservoir for calcium and phosphate ions
62
Q

Bone is constantly …

A

remodeled and reshaped in response to physical stresses and the mineral needs of the body

63
Q

ECM of bone contains

A

organic and inorganic components

64
Q

Organic Matrix of bone AKA

A

Osteoid

65
Q

Osteoid AKA

A

Organic matrix of bone

66
Q

Osteoid is composed of?

A

is primarily composed of type I collagen and proteoglycans

67
Q

Three non-collagenous glycoproteins in osteoid

3 listed

A
  • osteocalcin
  • osteopontin
  • osteonectin
68
Q

Inorganic matrix of bone AKA

A

Bone mineral

69
Q

Bone Mineral AKA

A

Inorganic bone matrix

70
Q

Inorganic matrix of bone consists of

A

Calcium and phosphate salt called hydroxyapatite

71
Q

Hydroxyapatite

A

bone mineral of calcium and phosphate salt

72
Q

99% of the body’s store of Ca2+ is found in

A

Inorganic matrix of bone as hydroxyapatite

73
Q

Bone inorganic matrix main function

A

contributes to the strength and rigidity of bone

74
Q

Identify

A

osteoid or organic matrix of bone

75
Q

Identify

A

inorganic matrix

collagen fibers covered with inorganic matrix

76
Q

Identify

A

H&E stained section of bone

77
Q

Identify

A
78
Q

Identify

A
79
Q

Identify

A
80
Q

Location of osteoprogenitor cells

A

periosteal covering of the bone

81
Q

____________ are derived from Osteoprogenitor cells?

A

Osteoblasts

82
Q

Osteoblasts functions

2 Listed

A
  • the main bone-forming cells that actively deposit osteoid along the osteoblast-bone interface
  • initiate and control the mineralization of the osteoid
83
Q

In electron micrographs, osteoblasts display the typical features of cells actively engaging in

3 Listed

A
  • protein synthesis
  • glycosylation
  • secretion

Features such as an extensive rough ER

84
Q

Osteoblasts express several proteins important in their function

9 Listed

A
  • Parathyroid hormone receptor
  • Alkaline phosphatase
  • Vitamin D3
  • IGF-1 Receptor
  • Type I collagen
  • Osteocalcin
  • Osteopontin
  • Osteoprotegerin (OPG)
  • RANKL
85
Q

Osteoblast: Parathyroid hormone receptor

A

stimulation of the receptor by PTH induces RANKL and mCSF expression and inhibits OPG production by the osteoblast

86
Q

Osteoblast: Alkaline Phosphatase

A

a cell surface enzyme that produces high levels of phosphate ion during bone matrix synthesis

an important metabolic marker of bone formation

87
Q

Osteoblast: Vitamin D3

A

Regulates expression of osteocalcin a protein with high binding affinity for hydroxyapatite

88
Q

Osteoblast: IGF-1 Receptor

2 Listed

A
  • Binds IGF-1 produced by the liver and stimulates the growth of the long bones
  • Stimulates osteoid production
89
Q

Osteoblast: Type I Collagen

A

The major component of the osteoid matrix

90
Q

Osteoblast: Osteocalcin

A

a non-collagenous protein required for bone mineralization

91
Q

Osteoblast: Osteopontin

A

A non-collagenous protein that mediates the interaction of osteoclasts with bone surface

92
Q

Osteoblast: Osteoprotegerin

A

(OPG)

  • a non-collagenous protein that functions as a decoy receptor for the RANKL and inhibits osteoclastogenesis
93
Q

Osteoblast: RANKL

A

A ligand for the RANK receptor present on osteoclast precursors and a receptor for OPG

94
Q

Identify

A

Osteoblast

95
Q

The first bone matrix produced by the osteoblast is referred to as…

A

Primary or woven bone

96
Q

Primary or woven bone characteristics

A

characterized by a matrix containing loose randomly oriented collagen fibers and low amounts of hydroxyapatite

97
Q

Identify

A
98
Q
A
99
Q

Primary woven bone is subsequently remodeled into

A

secondary or lamellar bone

100
Q

Secondary or lamellar bone is characterized by…

A

organized sheets of collagen fibers (lamella) and high amounts of hydroxyapatite

101
Q

Osteocytes come from?

A

when bone formation is completed, osteoblasts flatten out and transform into osteocytes embedded in mineralized bone matrix

102
Q

Osteocytes are?

A

highly branched cells with their cell body occupying small spaces or lacunae within layers of the bone matrix

103
Q

Canaliculi

A

small channels that course through the bone matrix and interconnect neighboring lacunae

104
Q

Cell processes of adjacent osteocytes are found within canaliculi and form ____________ with adjacent cells

A

gap junctions

105
Q

Osteocytes get nutrients by

A

extracellular fluid containing nutrients, calcium and other substances diffuse through the canaliculi into the lacunae to support osteocytes

106
Q

Lifespan of osteocytes

A

provided osteocytes has access to sufficient nutrients their lifespan can be many years

107
Q

Osteocytes and bone remodeling

A

osteocytes respond to forces on the bone and release factors that can stimulate bone remodeling or turnover

108
Q
A

Osteocytes

109
Q

Osteoclasts are

A

Osteoclasts are large multinucleated cells whose primary function is to degrade the bone matrix

110
Q

Osteoclasts are derived from…

A

monocyte precursors originating in the bone marrow

111
Q

Osteoclastogenesis steps

6 listed

A
112
Q

Howship’s Lacuna AKA

A

Resorption pit

113
Q

the osteoclast contains high levels of

A

Carbonic anhydrase II

114
Q

Carbonic Anhydrase II

A

an enzyme that generates high levels of hydrogen ions from CO2 and water

115
Q

How do osteoclasts resorb bone?

A
116
Q

Osteoclasts exchange Bicarbonate ions for? and why?

A

Chloride ions at the apical surface of the cell to prevent an excessive rise in intracellular pH

117
Q

Osteoclasts release these enzymes and others into the resorption pit

A

Cathepsin K and matrix Metalloprotease 9

118
Q

Osteoclast binding of calcitonin

A

released from the thyroid gland in response to high Ca2+ levels, inhibits the activity of osteoclasts and causes its release from the bone surface

119
Q
A
120
Q
A
121
Q

Cortical Bone AKA

A

Compact bone

122
Q

Trabecular bone AKA

A

Cancellous bone

123
Q
A
124
Q

Cortical/Compact bone properties

A
  • osteocytes present in lacunae and the bone matrix are arranged into cylindrical structures called osteons
125
Q

Osteon

A
  • contains a central canal or Haversian Canal surrounded by 4-10 concentric layers (lamellae) forming connections among all of the lacunae and central canals
  • in the central of the Haversian canal is a small blood vessel
126
Q

__________ are being continuously remodeled by Osteoclasts

A

Osteons

127
Q

Identify

A
128
Q

Trabecular/cancellous Bone Properties

A
  • Microscopically cancellous bone contains layers of lamellae that form the bony trabeculae that project into the marrow cavity
  • there are no osteons in trabecular bone
  • Osteocytes are interspersed randomly throughout the trabeculae and in growin bone, the surface trabeculae are often covered with osteoblasts and osteoclasts in the process of remodeling
129
Q

Identify

A
130
Q
A

FMS (34 decks)

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