MS Infections Flashcards

1
Q

Crepitus

A

Inflammation & condition of tissue that feels like bubble wrap

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2
Q

Category of clostridium

A

G+ rods, necrotizing bacteria

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3
Q

Clostridial diseases can cause what types of toxins

A

Histotoxins - gas gangrene/black leg disease
Neurotoxins - botulism tetanus
Enterotoxemia
Enteropathies

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4
Q

Clostridial diseases that cause myonecrosis

A

Gas gangrene - malignant edema
Black leg

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5
Q

Features of Clostridial bacteria

A

G+ Rods
Strict anaerobes
Motile
Gas producing
Endospore forming - leads to gassy pockets

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6
Q

Species of clostridium that causes gas gangrene in equine

A

Clostridium perfringens

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7
Q

Species of clostridium that causes gas gangrene in ruminants

A

Clostridium septicum

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8
Q

What species of clostridium causes black leg and in what species does it infect

A

Clostridium chauvoei
Cattle

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9
Q

Origination of clostridium

A

Spores & vegetative bacteria, spores in soil are important source of infections for histotoxic disease
GIT of animals & humans

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10
Q

Transmission of clostridium

A

Direct inoculation of spores to wounds
Must have anaerobic conditions in tissue (necrosis)
Could follow management procedures

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11
Q

Virulence factors for Clostridia

A

Powerful exotoxins (cytotoxins)
Gas production
Both cause immense muscle damage

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12
Q

Pathogenesis of clostridia

A

Spores enter wound or are latent in tissue
In anaerobic conditions spores germinate
Exotoxins cause muscle necrosis & destroy WBC = more bacteria growth
Gas + collagenase cause more muscle damage
Exotoxins absorb into circulation = widespread damage

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13
Q

Pathogenesis of black leg

A

Clin signs of lameness, inappetence, tachycardia, ^RR, ^ temp
Swelling in affected area

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14
Q

Diagnosing clostridium

A

Clin signs, visualize tissue
Culture
Presence of rapid/sudden death in herd
Florescent antibody test

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15
Q

Treating clostridia

A

Aggressive removal of all infected tissue
Penicillin (sensitive) or metronidazole
Some antitoxins
Oxygen therapy to disable anaerobic function

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16
Q

Role of metacercariae of F. Hepatica (liver fluke)

A

Cause damage / trauma to liver, activates latent spores in liver

17
Q

Black disease in sheep can lead to what condition and is caused by what species of clostridia

A

Necrotising clostridial hepatitis clostridium novyi type B

18
Q

Common postmortem findings with black disease

A

Blood stained serous fluid in cavities
Blood stained froth (mouth & nostrils)
Sub q edema & blackening of skin
Swollen liver & areas of necrosis
Mature liver flukes present

19
Q

Ways to control clostridia

A

Vaccination for food animals against black disease / black leg - combo vax for ewes during lambing. Less effective in goats
Management - minimize predisposing factors like hygiene & control fluke populations