Joints Of Thoracic Limb Flashcards
Major joints of the thoracic limb
Shoulder, glenohumeral, elbow, carpus, carpometacarpal, interphalangeal
Three joints that make up the elbow or ______ joint
Humero-radial, humero-ulner, radio-ulnar
Joints in carpal region
Antebrachiocarpal joint
Middle carpal
Intercarpal
Carpometacarpal
Location of antebrachiocarpal joint
Between antebrachium and proximal row of carpal bones
Location of middle carpal and intercarpal joints
Middle - between proximal and distal rows of carpal bones
Intercarpal - among the individual carpal bones
Location of carpometacarpal joint
Between distal row of carpal bone and metacarpal
Common injury of Coronoid processes of ulna
Fragmented coronoid process - painful elbows
Common injury of anconeal process of ulna
Inperfusion of anconeal process - painful to walk
Anatomical and common names for shoulder joint
AN - scapulohumeral joint
CN - shoulder
Anatomical and common names for elbow joint
AN - humero-radio-ulnar joint
CN - elbow
Anatomical and common names for wrist joint
AN - Antebrachio-carpal-middle carpal-Intercarpal- carpometacarpal joint
CN - wrist
Joint of the digits
Metacarpophalangeal joint
D1 - one interphalangeal jt
D2-5 - proximal interphalangeal & distal interphalangeal
Accessibility of carpal joints and joint pouches of full flexion
Antebrachiocarpal/radiocarapal joint - opens widely, fully accessible
Middle carpal joint - opens fully accessible
Carpometacarpal joint - doesn’t open wide but it communicates w middle carpal joint
Ligaments of thoracic limb
Collateral ligament
Medial and lateral
Longitudinal bundles of collagenous fibers in superficial layer of the joint capsule passing from the bone
Function of collateral ligaments
Prevent medial to lateral movement
Common injury of collateral ligaments
Can rupture with little trauma
Location of medial and lateral collateral ligaments
Form an X on the elbow, carpus etc
What ligament support rotary action of radial head against the radial notch of the ulna
Annular ligament of the elbow
Extrinsic vs intrinsic muscles
Extrinsic - attack limb to axial skeleton. Intrinsic - all attachments lie on bones of the limb itself
Most common nerve injury
Radial nerve, injury results with inability to walk
What muscle has notable differences in the antebrachium of cat/dog?
Brachioradialis. Dogs is inconsistent and small, feline is robust and constant
Notable aspect of biceps brachii
Transverse humeral ligament
Notable aspect and location of brachialis
Distal attachment to ulna, located laterally on the humerus
Extensors of carpus and digits
Craniolateral. Common origin: lateral extensor epicondyle of the humerus
Flexors of the carpus and digits
Caudomedial. Common origin, medial flexor epicondyle of the humerus
Flexor maniaca
Superficial digital flexor tendon divides to allow the deep digital flexor tendons to go through
Number and location of interosseous muscles
Four very similar muscles on the Palmar surfaces of metacarpal bones.
Specialized features of the cat in antebrachium
Brachioradialis - well developed in dog
Muscle bellies tend to be longer (fibers go farther down the tendons)
Muscles of the manus are more developed - more use of paws compared to dog
Specialized distal phalanges - retractable claws
Lymph’s that could cause arm lameness
Prescapular (superficial cervical)
Axillary
Cubical - mainly horses
Artery flow sequence
Subclavian to axillary to brachial to median to median (dog) or radial (cat)
Arteries of paw (palmar side)
Superficial and deep palmar arches
Super - between tendons of SDF & DDF
Deep - between tendons of DDF and interosseous muscles
Metacarpal blood vessels
Doubled set, dorsal and palmar, one each is superficial & deep. Each courses from carpal-metacarpal joint to a metacarpophalangeal joint
Nerves in brachial plexus
Fed by C 6,7,8 & T1, 2
Branches by suprascapular, subscapular, musculocutaneous, axillary, radial, ulnar, median
Importance of radial nerve
Weight bearing, limb must be in extension, innervates the extensor muscles of the forelimb. Common for horses to kick & fracture the olecranon = can’t extend elbow, can still extend carpus
Autonomous zone
Skin region typically supplied by a single spinal nerve
Nerves with no known sensory cutaneous sensory component
Suprascapular, subscapular, throacodorsal
Nerves of the manus: motor: ulnar
To interosseous muscles & other minor muscles of forepaw
Nerves of manus : sensory, radial, median & ulnar
Dorsally
Radial: majority of paws dorsum except for lateral side of digit 5
Median: none
Ulnar: lateral (abaxial) side of digit 5
Palmarly
Radial: none
Median: digit 1 through axial side of digit 4
Ulnar: abaxial side of digit 4 and all of digit 5
