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Clinical Medicine LAB - Professor Sample > MS I > Flashcards

MS I Flashcards

1
Q

When examining xrays remember to think what ?

A

Think 3-dimensionally

but reminder everything is flat though in a 2 dimensional pancake

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2
Q

Most series of skeletal system come with an ?

A

AP and lateral view

direction of the beam that is going through an object

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3
Q

Particular views may be added to look at a specific _________ or for a specific __________

A

structure

pathology

**wrist pain, pain in anatomic snuff box = scaffold fracture - not a hard bone to look at it is is a funny place. Might want to get a PA lateral wrist or even an additional scaffold view **

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4
Q

transverse fracture ?

A

straight across

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5
Q

oblique fracture ?

A

diagonal

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6
Q

comminuted fracture ?

A

in pieces

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7
Q

avulsion fracture ?

A

“pull away” - tendons connect muscle to bone - when a tendon pulls away from bone and a piece of bone fragment will come with it

avulsion- “pull away” - tendons connect muscle to bone - when a tendon pulls away from bone and a piece of bone fragment will come with it

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8
Q

impacted fractures ?

A

jumping from a height - crush injury in the middle of the bone

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9
Q

greenstick fracture ?

A

little kid bones - force injury it will break on one side but the other just bows

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10
Q

Pathologic fracture ?

A

associated with disease - fracture would not happen if disease wasn’t there - this is probably CA, distal humeral head transverse fracture

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11
Q

Angulation ?

A

extent to which fracture fragments are not anatomically aligned

in a angular fashion

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12
Q

Convention ?

A

describe angulation as the direction the apex is pointing relative to anatomical long axis of the bone (e.g. apex medial, apex valgus) or direction of distal fragment

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13
Q

Fatigue fracture ?

A

happen with normal bone, a NL bone under a lot of stress, foot of a marathon runner, boot camp

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14
Q

Insufficiency fracture ?

A

happen in abnormal bone that would not happen in normal bone - osteoporosis of the spine having a compression fracture

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15
Q

Recognizing a fracture by what findings?

A

Break in the continuity of cortex

Radiolucent fracture lines

Overlap of cortical and spongy bone (more white)

Unexplained fragments of bone

Denser area of impaction - looks like a fuzzy halo

Callus of a healing fracture

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16
Q

Fracture healing stages?

A

Inflammatory phase

Reparative phase

Remodelling phase

17
Q

Inflammatory phase appears ?

A

Hours to days

18
Q

Reparative phase appears when ?

A

Days to weeks

19
Q

Remodelling phase appears when ?

A

Months to years

20
Q

Inflammation phase ?

A

soon after a fracture occurs a hematoma forms at the injury site. Marcophages and inflammatory leukocytes move into the dmaaged area to scavenge debris and begin producing the pro-inflammatory agent that initiate healing

21
Q

Soft Callus ?

A

inflammatory triggers call divison and the growth of new blood vessels. Among the new cells, chondrocytes secrete proteoglycans, creating fibrocartilage that forms the soft callus

**inflammation starts to trigger some bone repair

22
Q

Hard Callus ?

A

Through endochondral ossification and direct bone formation, woven bone replaces the soft callus to create a hard callus around the broken fragments of bone

**and a hard callus and remodeling can last months to years **

23
Q

Remodeling ?

A

Overtime, mechanically strong, highly organized cortical bone replaces the weaker disorganized woven bone. Because it is continually remodeled, bone is the only tissue to heal w/o a scar

**and a hard callus and remodeling can last months to years **

24
Q

________ have a remarkable remodeling capability

A

children

25
Q

Dislocation ?

A

Dislocated from correct position

no communication with the joint surface

26
Q

Subluxation ?

A

Partially dislocated

27
Q

Osteomyelitis - Bony destruction: Lytic lesion ?

A

lysed - cut away ( radiolucent area on an xray)

28
Q

Osteomyelitis - Bony destruction: +/- expansile ?

A

it look slike some remodeling or callus formation - it is just inflammation from the body response

29
Q

Osteomyelitis - Bony destruction: +/- sclerotic margin ?

A

body is trying to defend against infection

30
Q

Osteomyelitis - Bony destruction: +/- periosteal reaction ?

A

inflammation of the periosteum as well

31
Q

if you suspected infection in bone it it is important to get an X ray to document the status of the bone ( in a few weeks they come back in then have a comparison to see, it takes about ?

A

2 weeks for it to show if the bone had been infected )

32
Q

CRP , ESR ?

A

sed rates - inflammatory markers are good for osteomyelitis

33
Q

With Osteomyelitis, bony destruction appears ?

A

2 weeks after infection

34
Q

Osteoarthritis ?

A

NOSS

Narrowing of joint space
no more cartilage layer

Sclerosis of the joint

Osteophyte formation -
spurring of bone off the side of the joints

Small cysts in the bone near the joint - little tiny and more radiolucent areas

just from wear and tear

35
Q

Rheumatoid Arthritis ?

A

Soft tissue swelling

Osteoporosis

Narrowing of the joint space

Marginal erosions

Wrists can be fused in advanced cases

**AI process - own body creatingABS TOWARD JOIT SPACE , a lot of displacement as well - look at thumb and then we can get certain deformities **

**RA - follow specific patterns **

36
Q

Gout ?

A

Large erosions of bone

Sclerotic margins

Halo of Tophi adjoining erosions

Random joints

**GOUT has no symmetry here - it can be one wrist but not the other **

**tophi - uric acid crystal deposits **

37
Q

Osteonecrosis aka ?

A

avascular necrosis

aseptic necrosis

38
Q

Osteonecrosis ?

A

Early appearance is normal (MRI better in early disease)

Patchy radiolucencies

Areas of sclerosis and bone collapse

Common in the epiphyseal marrow cavities of long bones

**patches of radiolucencies near the end of the bone - look like bony cysts - avascular necrosis - bone is thinning away and dying **

Clinical Medicine LAB - Professor Sample (36 decks)

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