GU: stones and casts

Question 1

Acidic urine stones?

Answer 1

Xanthine
cystine
uric acid
calcium oxalate

tyrosine
leucine

Question 2

alkaline urine stones ?

Answer 2

calcium phosphate
calcium carbonate
magnesium phosphate

ammonium urate

Question 3

Uric acid stone description?

Answer 3

colorless to yellow/brown flat square

Question 4

Calcium oxalate stone description?

Answer 4

octahedral

Question 5

Cystine stone description?

Answer 5

hexagon

Question 6

Tyrosine stone description?

Answer 6

sheaves of thin needles

Question 7

Leucine stone description?

Answer 7

spheres with radial striations usually seen with tyrosine

Question 8

Uric acid stone clinical implication?

Answer 8

gout

Question 9

Calcium oxalate stone clinical implication?

Answer 9

calcium nephrolithiasis

Question 10

Cystine stone clinical implication?

Answer 10

inborn error of amino acid metabolism

Question 11

Tyrosine stone clinical implication?

Answer 11

liver disease

Question 12

Leucine stone clinical implication?

Answer 12

liver disease

Question 13

Calcium carbonate stone description?

Answer 13

dumbbell shaped

Question 14

Calcium phosphate stone description?

Answer 14

rosettes

Question 15

Ammonium Urate stone description?

Answer 15

thorny apple

Question 16

Calcium carbonate stone clinical implication?

Answer 16

calcium stones

Question 17

Calcium phosphate stone clinical implication?

Answer 17

urinary stasis

chronic UTI

Question 18

Ammonium Urate stone clinical implication?

Answer 18

non-pathogenic benign

Question 19

Types of Renal Casts?

Answer 19

hyaline 
rbc
wbc
epithelial
granular 
waxy
fatty
broad

Question 20

Hyaline cast description?

Answer 20

colorless, clear

Question 21

RBC cast description?

Answer 21

red cells in hyaline matrix

Question 22

WBC cast description?

Answer 22

neutrophils in hyaline matrix

Question 23

Epithelial cast description?

Answer 23

renal tubular epithelial cells in hyaline matrix

Question 24

Granular cast description?

Answer 24

opaque granules

Question 25

Waxy cast description?

Answer 25

absence of structures appears broken off

Question 26

Fatty cast description?

Answer 26

fat globules

Question 27

Broad cast description?

Answer 27

Large in diameter

Question 28

Hyaline cast clinical implication?

Answer 28

made of mucoprotein diabetic nephropathy CRF

Question 29

RBC cast clinical implication?

Answer 29

``` damage to glomerulus GNP SLE nephritis HTN Renal inflammations ```

Question 30

WBC cast clinical implication?

Answer 30

infection inflammation pyelonephritis

Question 31

Epithelial cast clinical implication?

Answer 31

tubular necrosis

Question 32

Granular cast clinical implication?

Answer 32

degenerative cells inside transplant rejections Pyelo if WBCs GNP if RBCs

Question 33

Waxy cast clinical implication?

Answer 33

renal insufficiency | renal failure

Question 34

Fatty cast clinical implication?

Answer 34

nephrotic syndrome | diabetic nephropathy

Question 35

Broad cast clinical implication?

Answer 35

obstruction dilated tubules renal insufficiency