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ANNNNNAAtomy > MS devo > Flashcards

MS devo Flashcards

1
Q

What does paraxial mesoderm form in skeletal development?

A

vertebral columns, ribs, neurocranium

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2
Q

What does lateral plate mesoderm form in skeletal development?

A

pectoral girdle, limbs, sternum

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3
Q

What do neural crest cells form in skeletal development?

A

viscerocranium (bones on the front of your face), hyoid bone

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4
Q

Why do bones form through intramembranous ossification?

A

more rapid formation in areas urgently needed by fetus

ex: mandible, need for sucking on boobs

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5
Q

What makes up the axial skeleton?

A

vertebrae
ribs
sternum
skull

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6
Q

What makes up the appendicular skeleton?

A

pectoral girdle
pelvic girdle
limb bones

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7
Q

What does the viscerocranium (anterolateral facial bones) form from?

A

neural crest cells

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8
Q

What does the neurocranium form from?

A

paraxial mesoderm

occipital somites

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9
Q

What makes up the chondrocranium and how is it formed?

A

base of the skull (sphenoid, petrous temporal, portion of occipital)

form by endochondral ossification

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10
Q

What is the membranous neurocranium and how is it formed?

A

everything except the chondrocranium

form by intramembranous ossification

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11
Q

At what age do your skull sutures fuse?

A

5-7 yrs

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12
Q

What are the different fontanelles?

A

fontanelles: enlarged membranous spaces where more than 2 bones form

anterior fontanelle (largest on top of head)
anterolateral/sphenoidal fontanelle
posteriorlateral/mastoid fontanelle
posterior fontanelle

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13
Q

What is craniosynostosis?

A

premature closure of sutures

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14
Q

What happens if your saggital suture closes too early?

A

You have scaphocephaly.

your head is really long and skinny (like your face gets squished on either side

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15
Q

What happens if you coronal suture closes too early?

A

You have brachycephaly.

your head looks like a really wide and ugly football

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16
Q

In relation to the axial skeleton, what is NOT formed by paraxial mesoderm?

A

sternum

part of the skull

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17
Q

In relation to axial skeleton formation, what structures are derived from paraxial mesoderm?

A

vertebrae
annulus fibrosis of intervertebral discs
ribs
neurocranium

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18
Q

When do vertebrae start to develop?

A

4th week: sclerotome cells surround neural tube and notochord

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19
Q

What happens during vertebral resegmentation?

A

sclerotomes are devided in half: a less dense cranial portion, and a more dense caudal portion.

resegmentation: a cranial (less dense) and a caudal (more dense) segment FROM NEIGHBORING SCLEROTOMES meet up and join

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20
Q

What forms the annulus fibrosus of IV discs?

A

Dense (caudal) portion of sclerotome

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21
Q

How do the ribs develop?

A

they grow out as costal processes from developing thoracic vertebrae

22
Q

How and when is the sternum induced to form?

A

induced to form by ribs growing anteriorly towards midline

10th week

sternum develops as two sternal bars from LATERAL plate somatic mesoderm

23
Q

What does the appendicular skeleton develop from?

A

lateral plate somatic mesoderm

24
Q

When does endochondral ossification take place?

A

5th week: mesenchyme buds start to form

6th week: hyaline cartilage models start to form (finished by 8th week)

25
Q

When does ossification begin in long bones?

A

primary ossification centers appear around 7/8th week

26
Q

What is achondroplasia?

A

disturbance of endochondral ossification
makes you really short

like aleah from teen mom

27
Q

What is skeletal muscle derived from?

A

paraxial mesoderm

28
Q

What is cardiac muscle derived from?

A

intraembryonic splanchnic mesoderm

29
Q

What is smooth muscle derived from?

A

intraembryonic splanchnic mesoderm

30
Q

When do myoblasts actively contract?

A

7th week

31
Q

Where are progenitor cells for muscle tissues located on the dermomyotome?

A 
vertrolateral lips (VLL)
dorsalmedial lips (DML)
32
Q

What does the lateral somatic frontier separate?

A

paraxial mesoderm from lateral plate mesoderm

primaxial domain and abaxial domain

33
Q

Where is the primaxial domain and what does it contain?

A

surrounds neural tube

contains only somite derived cells from DML, VLL

34
Q

Where is the abaxial domain and what does it contain?

A

located laterally to primaxial domain

parietal layer of lateral plate mesoderm with a few somite derived cells (some VLL cells migrate across lateral somatic frontier)

35
Q

What does the primaxial domain form?

A

back m.
shoulder girdle m.
intercostal m.

36
Q

What does the abaxial domain form?

A

infrahyoid m.
pec major and minor m.
abdominal wall mm.
limb m.

37
Q

What are epaxial muscles and what innervates them?

A

back muscles

dorsal primary rami

38
Q

What are hypaxial muscles and what innervates them/

A

muscles of limb and body wall

ventral primary rami

39
Q

What smooth muscles are derived from ectoderm?

A

neuroectoderm: dialate eyes

surface ectoderm: my epithelial cells of mammary, salivary, sweat glands

40
Q

In general, what germ layer is muscle from?

A

mesoderm

41
Q

When do limb buds emerge?

A

end of week 4

upper before lower

42
Q

What is the structure of a limb bud?

A

mesenchymal core surrounded by surface ectoderm

43
Q

What does the apical ectodermal ridge (AER) do?

A

signals nearby mesenchyme to keep being undiffentiated and dividing (called the progress zone)

44
Q

What are cells further away from AER doing?

A

differentiating into cartilage, muscle

45
Q

In what direction do limbs grow?

A

proximal to distal

46
Q

How do the limbs rotate?

A

UL: rotates 90 deg laterally (so that thumb faces laterally)

LL: rotates 90 deg medially (big toe faces medial)

47
Q

How and when do your hands/feet form?

A

6th week: cute little paddles

end of 6th week: mesechyme grows into paddles forming digital rays (outline of future digits)

cells inbetween fingers/toes in AER die

end of 8th week: mesenchyme differentiates into hyaline cartilage models

48
Q

meromelia

A

absence of part of a limb

49
Q

amelia

A

absence of whole limb

50
Q

polydactyly

A

extra digits

51
Q

syndactyly

A

fewer digits

52
Q

What drug fucked up kid’s limbs?

A

thalidomide

ANNNNNAAtomy (13 decks)

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