LITERALLY FUCK THIS LECTURE

Question 1

What is blood composed of? (two elements)

Answer 1

1. formed elements: cells (erythrocytes and leukocytes) and cell fragments (thrombocytes)
2. plasma: protein rich ECM

Question 2

What is hematocrit?

Answer 2

volume of packed RBCs in sample

around 45% of total blood

Question 3

What is the relative volume of RBCs, plasma, and leukocytes/platelets?

Answer 3

RBC: 45%
Plasma: 55%
lueks/plates: 1%

Question 4

What is in the buffy coat?

Answer 4

leukocytes and platelets

Question 5

What is the composition of plasma?

Answer 5

water: 90%
proteins: 7-8%
other solutes: 1-2%

Question 6

What are the plasma proteins?

Answer 6

albumin
globulins
fibrinogens

Question 7

What does albumin do?

Answer 7

most abundant plasma protein

exerts concentration gradient, acts as carrier protein for drugs/hormones/metabolites

Question 8

What do globulins do?

Answer 8

either immunoglobulins (gamma)

or nonimmuneglobulins (alpha, beta) which maintain osmotic pressure and carry stuff

Question 9

What does fibrinogen do?

Answer 9

its soluble, but thru a series of reactions it becomes fibrin (insoluble) and helps form blood clots

Question 10

What is blood usually stained with?

Answer 10

Wright’s stain (basophilic and acidophilic)

Question 11

Describe erythrocytes.

Answer 11

anucleate
biconcave discs
7.8 um (histological ruler)
120 day lifespan
released at 2 mil/sec

Question 12

What is the structure of hemoglobin?

Answer 12

two alpha, two beta chains w/ four Fe

each hemoglobin can bind 4 O2

Question 13

What are the two groups of leukocytes?

Answer 13

polymorphonuclear granulocytes

mononuclear agranulocytes

Question 14

What are the polymorphonuclear granulocytes?

Answer 14

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

Question 15

What are the mononuclear agranulocytes?

Answer 15

lymphocytes (B cells, T cells, NK cells)

monocytes

Question 16

What are T cells involved in?

Answer 16

cell mediated immunity (adaptive)

Question 17

What are B cells involved in?

Answer 17

humoral immunity, produce antibodies

adaptive

Question 18

What are NK cells involved in?

Answer 18

killing your own fucked up cells

Question 19

What is the function of neutrophils?

Answer 19

first responders to infection, acute inflammation, accumulate as pus

Question 20

What is the function of eosinophils and basophils?

Answer 20

fighting parasites, allergic reactions

Question 21

What are the types of lymphocytes?

Answer 21

T cells, B cells, NK cells

Question 22

What is the function of monocytes?

Answer 22

differentiate into macrophages and eat stuff

Question 23

How to tell the difference between neutrophil and monocyte histologically

Answer 23

monocyte has horseshoe shaped nucleus

neutrophil has several lobed nucleus

Question 24

Where do thrombocytes come from?

Answer 24

megakaryocytic located in bone marrow

form blood clots

Question 25

What are the three phases of embryonic hematopoiesis?

Answer 25

yolk sac stage
liver stage
bone marrow stage

(in chronological order)

Question 26

Where does erythropoiesis take place after birth?

Answer 26

red bone marrow

Question 27

What do all cells associated with blood come from? (also known as monophyletic theory)

Answer 27

hematopoietic stem cell

Question 28

What are the two descendants of the hematopoietic stem cells?

Answer 28

common myeloid progenitor

common lymphoid progenitor

Question 29

What do common lymphoid progenitor cells give rise to?

Answer 29

T cells
B cells
NK cells

Question 30

What “stage” follows the progenitor stage, and what happens in it?

Answer 30

progenitor cells develop into precursor/blast cells

• morphological characteristics start to take place
• lots of mitosis–only producing cells on the way to differentiation (aren’t producing more of themselves like HSC can)

Question 31

What sort of relationship is there between mitotic activity and potentiality?

Answer 31

inverse relationship

as mitotic ability goes up, potentiality (how many dif types of cells you can produce) goes down

Question 32

What are the stages of erythropoiesis?

Answer 32

preliminary steps: HSC to CMP to MEP to ErP

1. Proerythroblast
2. Basophilic erythroblast
3. Polychromatic erythroblast
4. Orthchromatic erythroblast (normoblast)
5. Polychromatophilic erythrocyte (reticulocyte)

Question 33

What is the general histological trend seen in erythropoiesis?

Answer 33

basophilic to eosinophilic

lose nucleus

gets smaller

Question 34

What stage of erythropoeisis no longer has a nucleus?

Answer 34

a reticulocyte no longer has a nucleus

ejected from the orthrochromatic erythroblast

Question 35

What is the relationship between RNA and hemoglobin as erythropoiesis proceeds?

Answer 35

inverse relationship

RNA decreases as cell matures, hemoglobin increases

this is why the cells go from basophilic to eosinophilic

Question 36

What are the three types of leukopoiesis?

Answer 36

Granulopoeisis (all your ‘phil’ cells)
Monocytopoiesis (monocytes)
Lymphopoiesis (B,T,NK cells)

Question 37

Which types of leukopoiesis are actually derived from the myeloid stem cell line, not the lymphoid line?

Answer 37

granulopoeisis

monocytopoeisis

Question 38

What processes does the myeloid stem cell line participate in?

Answer 38

erythropoeisis
thrombopoeisis
granulopoeisis
monocytopoeisis

Question 39

What is the basic granulopoeisis pattern?

Answer 39

(in order)

common myeloid progenitor
myeloblast 
promyelocyte
myelocyte
metamyelocyte
band cell (idk what this is)
mature cell

Question 40

What is the basic lymphopoeisis pattern?

Answer 40

hematopoietic stem cell
common lymphoid progenitor
(lots of other steps she doesn’t go into)
mature cell (T, B, NK cells)

Question 41

What is the basic thrombopoeisis (making platelets) pattern?

Answer 41

hematopoietic stem cell
common myeloid progenitor
megakaryocyte/erythrocyte progenitor
megakaryoctye progenitor
megakaryoblast
megakaryocyte
platelets!

Question 42

Describe a megakaryocyte

Answer 42

very big–50-70 um
multilobed nucleus
scattered azurphilic granules
polyploid cells (64 N)

Question 43

Where are megakaryocytes located?

Answer 43

near sinusoids in bone marrow

Question 44

How are platelets made from megakaryocytes?

Answer 44

small bits of cytoplasm are separated from periphery of megakaryocytes

cytoplasm of megakaryocytes looks “foamy” where this is occurring

Question 45

For all the processes discussed in this lecture (like erythpoeisis and shit), what is the general pattern of cell development?

Answer 45

hematopoeitic stem cell

either common myeloid or lymphoid stem cell

then the PROGENITOR cell of whatever you’re trying to make

then the -BLAST cells of whatever cell you’re trying to make

them the -CYTE cells of whatever cell you’re trying to make

then the mature cell!

Question 46

Where is bone marrow located?

Answer 46

within medullary cavity and spaces of spongy bone

Question 47

What does bone marrow consist of?

Answer 47

sinusoids (sinusoidal capillaries)

hematopoietic cords

Question 48

What’s happening in the hematopoietic cords of bone marrow?

Answer 48

developing blood cells, megakaryocytes, macrophages, mast cells, adipocytes

(cords located in clusters near sinusoids)

Question 49

What do adventitial (reticular) cells do?

Answer 49

they send sheetlike extensions into the hematopoietic cords to provide support for developing blood cells and stimulate differentiation of progenitor cells

Question 50

What is the bone marrow cellularity? How do you calculate it?

Answer 50

ratio of hematopoietic cells to adipocytes

BMC = 100 - age plus or minus 10%

ex: mine is 100-22 = 88ish (depressing)

decreaeses with age