LITERALLY FUCK THIS LECTURE Flashcards
What is blood composed of? (two elements)
- formed elements: cells (erythrocytes and leukocytes) and cell fragments (thrombocytes)
- plasma: protein rich ECM
What is hematocrit?
volume of packed RBCs in sample
around 45% of total blood
What is the relative volume of RBCs, plasma, and leukocytes/platelets?
RBC: 45%
Plasma: 55%
lueks/plates: 1%
What is in the buffy coat?
leukocytes and platelets
What is the composition of plasma?
water: 90%
proteins: 7-8%
other solutes: 1-2%
What are the plasma proteins?
albumin
globulins
fibrinogens
What does albumin do?
most abundant plasma protein
exerts concentration gradient, acts as carrier protein for drugs/hormones/metabolites
What do globulins do?
either immunoglobulins (gamma)
or nonimmuneglobulins (alpha, beta) which maintain osmotic pressure and carry stuff
What does fibrinogen do?
its soluble, but thru a series of reactions it becomes fibrin (insoluble) and helps form blood clots
What is blood usually stained with?
Wright’s stain (basophilic and acidophilic)
Describe erythrocytes.
anucleate biconcave discs 7.8 um (histological ruler) 120 day lifespan released at 2 mil/sec
What is the structure of hemoglobin?
two alpha, two beta chains w/ four Fe
each hemoglobin can bind 4 O2
What are the two groups of leukocytes?
polymorphonuclear granulocytes
mononuclear agranulocytes
What are the polymorphonuclear granulocytes?
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
What are the mononuclear agranulocytes?
lymphocytes (B cells, T cells, NK cells)
monocytes
What are T cells involved in?
cell mediated immunity (adaptive)
What are B cells involved in?
humoral immunity, produce antibodies
adaptive
What are NK cells involved in?
killing your own fucked up cells
What is the function of neutrophils?
first responders to infection, acute inflammation, accumulate as pus
What is the function of eosinophils and basophils?
fighting parasites, allergic reactions
What are the types of lymphocytes?
T cells, B cells, NK cells
What is the function of monocytes?
differentiate into macrophages and eat stuff
How to tell the difference between neutrophil and monocyte histologically
monocyte has horseshoe shaped nucleus
neutrophil has several lobed nucleus
Where do thrombocytes come from?
megakaryocytic located in bone marrow
form blood clots
What are the three phases of embryonic hematopoiesis?
yolk sac stage
liver stage
bone marrow stage
(in chronological order)
Where does erythropoiesis take place after birth?
red bone marrow
What do all cells associated with blood come from? (also known as monophyletic theory)
hematopoietic stem cell
What are the two descendants of the hematopoietic stem cells?
common myeloid progenitor
common lymphoid progenitor
What do common lymphoid progenitor cells give rise to?
T cells
B cells
NK cells
What “stage” follows the progenitor stage, and what happens in it?
progenitor cells develop into precursor/blast cells
- morphological characteristics start to take place
- lots of mitosis–only producing cells on the way to differentiation (aren’t producing more of themselves like HSC can)
What sort of relationship is there between mitotic activity and potentiality?
inverse relationship
as mitotic ability goes up, potentiality (how many dif types of cells you can produce) goes down
What are the stages of erythropoiesis?
preliminary steps: HSC to CMP to MEP to ErP
- Proerythroblast
- Basophilic erythroblast
- Polychromatic erythroblast
- Orthchromatic erythroblast (normoblast)
- Polychromatophilic erythrocyte (reticulocyte)
What is the general histological trend seen in erythropoiesis?
basophilic to eosinophilic
lose nucleus
gets smaller
What stage of erythropoeisis no longer has a nucleus?
a reticulocyte no longer has a nucleus
ejected from the orthrochromatic erythroblast
What is the relationship between RNA and hemoglobin as erythropoiesis proceeds?
inverse relationship
RNA decreases as cell matures, hemoglobin increases
this is why the cells go from basophilic to eosinophilic
What are the three types of leukopoiesis?
Granulopoeisis (all your ‘phil’ cells)
Monocytopoiesis (monocytes)
Lymphopoiesis (B,T,NK cells)
Which types of leukopoiesis are actually derived from the myeloid stem cell line, not the lymphoid line?
granulopoeisis
monocytopoeisis
What processes does the myeloid stem cell line participate in?
erythropoeisis
thrombopoeisis
granulopoeisis
monocytopoeisis
What is the basic granulopoeisis pattern?
(in order)
common myeloid progenitor myeloblast promyelocyte myelocyte metamyelocyte band cell (idk what this is) mature cell
What is the basic lymphopoeisis pattern?
hematopoietic stem cell
common lymphoid progenitor
(lots of other steps she doesn’t go into)
mature cell (T, B, NK cells)
What is the basic thrombopoeisis (making platelets) pattern?
hematopoietic stem cell common myeloid progenitor megakaryocyte/erythrocyte progenitor megakaryoctye progenitor megakaryoblast megakaryocyte platelets!
Describe a megakaryocyte
very big–50-70 um
multilobed nucleus
scattered azurphilic granules
polyploid cells (64 N)
Where are megakaryocytes located?
near sinusoids in bone marrow
How are platelets made from megakaryocytes?
small bits of cytoplasm are separated from periphery of megakaryocytes
cytoplasm of megakaryocytes looks “foamy” where this is occurring
For all the processes discussed in this lecture (like erythpoeisis and shit), what is the general pattern of cell development?
hematopoeitic stem cell
either common myeloid or lymphoid stem cell
then the PROGENITOR cell of whatever you’re trying to make
then the -BLAST cells of whatever cell you’re trying to make
them the -CYTE cells of whatever cell you’re trying to make
then the mature cell!
Where is bone marrow located?
within medullary cavity and spaces of spongy bone
What does bone marrow consist of?
sinusoids (sinusoidal capillaries)
hematopoietic cords
What’s happening in the hematopoietic cords of bone marrow?
developing blood cells, megakaryocytes, macrophages, mast cells, adipocytes
(cords located in clusters near sinusoids)
What do adventitial (reticular) cells do?
they send sheetlike extensions into the hematopoietic cords to provide support for developing blood cells and stimulate differentiation of progenitor cells
What is the bone marrow cellularity? How do you calculate it?
ratio of hematopoietic cells to adipocytes
BMC = 100 - age plus or minus 10%
ex: mine is 100-22 = 88ish (depressing)
decreaeses with age
