Mr M 6.1 - psychological influences on the individual

Question 1

Trait theory

Answer 1

We are born with innate characteristics called traits that do not change.

Question 2

Socialisation

Answer 2

Developing personality traits by associating and learning from others.

Question 3

Social learning approach

Answer 3

We learn behaviour from people we hold in high esteem, eg role models, friends, teachers etc.

Question 4

Primary socialisation is what we learn from…

Answer 4

Family and close friends

Question 5

Secondary socialisation is what we learn from…

Answer 5

Friends, school, work, football teams or anywhere outside of our family.

Question 6

Copying Ronaldo’s celebration is an example of …

Answer 6

Secondary socialisation

Question 7

Speaking with the same accent as our parents is and example of…

Answer 7

Primary socialisation

Question 8

Interactionist perspective

Answer 8

A theory which combines the trait theory and the social learning approach to predict learning behaviour in a specific environment. Backed up by Lewis formula.

Question 9

Lewin formula

Answer 9

B = f (P x E)

Question 10

The Hollander approach

Answer 10

Shows environment does affect behaviour. For example a quiet person in everyday life may become loud and fiery when playing football.

Question 11

3 parts of personality according to Hollander Approach

Answer 11

1) core or performer; values and beliefs of individual
2) typical responses; the use of inherent traits displayed to specific situations.
3) role reflected behaviour; how a performer adapts to a role when the situation demands.

Question 12

Sceptical approach to predicting behaviour

Answer 12

You don’t believe the theories and doubt the link that personality can predict behaviour.

Question 13

Credulous approach to predicting behaviour

Answer 13

You believe the theories and accept there is a link that personality can predict behaviour.

Question 14

+ves of a questionnaire

Answer 14

• efficient

- deals with a lot of info

Question 15

-ves of a questionnaire

Answer 15

• biased answering

- misunderstood questions

Question 16

+ves of an observation

Answer 16

• true to life

- during a real performance

Question 17

-ves of an observation

Answer 17

• subjective

- behaviour could change when watched

Question 18

+ves of an interview

Answer 18

• more depth

- specific

Question 19

-ves of an interview

Answer 19

• time consuming

- similar to a questionnaire

Question 20

What are the three personality characteristic theories?

Answer 20

• the interactionist perspective
• the social learning theory
• the trait theory

Question 21

Attitude

Answer 21

Core values, beliefs and ideologies of an individual.

Question 22

Triadic model is made up of:

Answer 22

1. The cognitive part, representing your beliefs
2. The affective part, the feelings and emotions
3. The behavioural part, the actions

Question 23

Cognitive dissonance

Answer 23

New information given to the performer to cause unease and motivate change.

Question 24

Persuasion

Answer 24

An effective communication to promote change

Question 25

Arousal

Answer 25

A level of activation and a readiness to perform

Question 26

Drive theory

Answer 26

As arousal increases, so does performance.

Question 27

Drive theory formula

Answer 27

P = f(DxH)

Question 28

Dominant response

Answer 28

The stand out response that the performer thinks is correct.

Question 29

The inverted U theory

Answer 29

Theory linking arousal and performance by stating that increased arousal improves performance to an optimal point at moderate levels of arousal.

Question 30

Catastrophe theory

Answer 30

Theory suggesting that increased arousal improves performance to an optimal point, but there is a dramatic reduction in performance when arousal rises above optimal point.

Question 31

Peak flow performance

Answer 31

The ultimate intrinsic experience felt by athletes from a positive mental attitude, with supreme confidence, focus and efficiency.

Question 32

Effects of underarousal on performance

Answer 32

• missed tackles.

- losing 50/50 battles

Question 33

Effects of overarousal on performance

Answer 33

• missed shots/cues
• loss of concentration
• aggression

Question 34

Social loafing

Answer 34

When an individual exerts less effort than the rest of the group when working together to achieve a goal.