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Frontiers in Biological Science > Movement > Flashcards

Movement Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

how many major mass extinctions have there been

A

5

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2
Q

what mass extinction is important for the topic of movement

A

permian-triassic

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3
Q

when did the Permian-triassic extinction occur

A

251 mya

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4
Q

what is seen in post-permian extinction

A

high increases in animals that move around

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5
Q

what results from movement

A

complex food webs

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6
Q

what are the 5 main animal behaviours

A 
locomotion
prey capture
eating
copulation
sound generation
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7
Q

what is all animal behaviour generated by (3)

A

amoeboid movement
cilliary + flagellar movement
muscle contraction

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8
Q

what do amoeboid metazoans use for movement

A

their cytoskeleton

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9
Q

what forms the cytoskeleton in amoeboid metazoans

A

tubulin
myosin
actin

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10
Q

describe the arrangement of cilia and flagella in microtubules

A

9+2

a ring of 9 pairs of fused microtubules and 2 unfused inner microtubules

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11
Q

what are cilia

A

hair-like organelles that beat in coordinated fashion to propel the organism

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12
Q

describe flagellar movement

A

whip-like

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13
Q

what makes up skeletal muscle

A

fibres b bundled together by connective tissue

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14
Q

what does each muscle fibre contain

A

bundles of microfibrils

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15
Q

what makes up microfibrils

A

repeated contractile units of actin and myosin filaments called sarcomeres

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16
Q

what are sarcomeres

A

units of actin and myosin

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17
Q

what is each myosin filament surrounded by

A

6 actin filaments

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18
Q

what does each actin filament sit within in microfibrils

A

a triangle of 3 myosin filaments

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19
Q

what enables the sliding filament theory

A

actin and myosin overlap

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20
Q

how do muscles contract

A

the sliding filament theory

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21
Q

what do actin filaments consist of

A

2 chains of actin proteins in a coiled arrangement

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22
Q

what are the 2 proteins within an actin filament

A

troponin

tropomyosis

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23
Q

what are myosin filaments

A

bundles of myosin molecules

24
Q

what is within each myosin molecule within a myosin filament

A

2 coiled polypeptide chains, one with a globular head

25
Q

what accounts for stritations of skeletal muscle

A

sarcomeres

26
Q

what holds myosin filaments in place

A

the protein titin

27
Q

what does the A band of microfibril contain

A

all the myosin filaments

28
Q

what are the H zone and I zone of microfibril

A

where actin and myosin do not overlap

29
Q

what does the M band of microfibril contain

A

proteins that hold myosin filaments in place

30
Q

what facilitates movement

A

neurones and muscles

31
Q

what does movement facilitate

A

complex behaviour

32
Q

what is complex behaviour driven by

A

selfish genes

33
Q

what is needed to conserve sedimentary species

A

identify sites with the most species

or the largest area for the lowest cost

34
Q

why is it more difficult to conserve migratory species

A

losses in one area can lead to losses in another

35
Q

what does an area in more critical condition have

A

a lower carrying capacity

36
Q

what may represent the most vulnerable part of a migratory species life cycle

A

their journey

37
Q

what is the name of the only global convention specialising in the conservation of migratory species, their habitats and migration routes

A

CMS

38
Q

what 3 things play a part in conservation

A

legislation
treaties
agreements

39
Q

what are whole plants

A

sedimentary

40
Q

what type of movement can plants show

A

they can move individual parts at different parts in response to stimuli

41
Q

what are the 3 categories of plant movement

A

very slow
slow
rapid

42
Q

is very slow plant growth reversible?

A

no

43
Q

is slow plant growth reversible

A

yes

44
Q

is rapid plant growth reversible

A

yes

45
Q

identify the type of plant movement from very slow movement

A

tropisms

46
Q

what are the 2 types of tropism

A

phototropism

geotropism

47
Q

what is phototropism

A

movement and growth in response to light and colours of light

48
Q

what is the plant hormone that stimulates growth

A

auxin

49
Q

where does auxin. accumulate during plant growth

A

the shaded side

50
Q

what is positive phototropism

A

elongated towards the light

51
Q

what is geotropism

A

plant movement and growth in response to gravity

52
Q

what does auxin stimulate in shoot and root growth

A

shoots grow upwards

roots grown down

53
Q

identify 2 types of slow plant movement

A

leaf closure

plant dispersal

54
Q

what is leaf closure (slow plant movement)

A

stomatal closure in response to drought conditions in order to conserve water

55
Q

what is plant dispersal (slow plant movement)

A

seeds are dispersed as plant moves along

e.g tumbleweed

56
Q

why may plants show rapid movement

A

defence

attack

57
Q

what 4 things is plant movement mechanisms likely to involve

A

differentiated growth
build up of tension in tissues/cells
ion pumping
osmotic changes

Frontiers in Biological Science (9 decks)

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