Movement Flashcards
how many major mass extinctions have there been
5
what mass extinction is important for the topic of movement
permian-triassic
when did the Permian-triassic extinction occur
251 mya
what is seen in post-permian extinction
high increases in animals that move around
what results from movement
complex food webs
what are the 5 main animal behaviours
locomotion prey capture eating copulation sound generation
what is all animal behaviour generated by (3)
amoeboid movement
cilliary + flagellar movement
muscle contraction
what do amoeboid metazoans use for movement
their cytoskeleton
what forms the cytoskeleton in amoeboid metazoans
tubulin
myosin
actin
describe the arrangement of cilia and flagella in microtubules
9+2
a ring of 9 pairs of fused microtubules and 2 unfused inner microtubules
what are cilia
hair-like organelles that beat in coordinated fashion to propel the organism
describe flagellar movement
whip-like
what makes up skeletal muscle
fibres b bundled together by connective tissue
what does each muscle fibre contain
bundles of microfibrils
what makes up microfibrils
repeated contractile units of actin and myosin filaments called sarcomeres
what are sarcomeres
units of actin and myosin
what is each myosin filament surrounded by
6 actin filaments
what does each actin filament sit within in microfibrils
a triangle of 3 myosin filaments
what enables the sliding filament theory
actin and myosin overlap
how do muscles contract
the sliding filament theory
what do actin filaments consist of
2 chains of actin proteins in a coiled arrangement
what are the 2 proteins within an actin filament
troponin
tropomyosis
what are myosin filaments
bundles of myosin molecules
what is within each myosin molecule within a myosin filament
2 coiled polypeptide chains, one with a globular head
what accounts for stritations of skeletal muscle
sarcomeres
what holds myosin filaments in place
the protein titin
what does the A band of microfibril contain
all the myosin filaments
what are the H zone and I zone of microfibril
where actin and myosin do not overlap
what does the M band of microfibril contain
proteins that hold myosin filaments in place
what facilitates movement
neurones and muscles
what does movement facilitate
complex behaviour
what is complex behaviour driven by
selfish genes
what is needed to conserve sedimentary species
identify sites with the most species
or the largest area for the lowest cost
why is it more difficult to conserve migratory species
losses in one area can lead to losses in another
what does an area in more critical condition have
a lower carrying capacity
what may represent the most vulnerable part of a migratory species life cycle
their journey
what is the name of the only global convention specialising in the conservation of migratory species, their habitats and migration routes
CMS
what 3 things play a part in conservation
legislation
treaties
agreements
what are whole plants
sedimentary
what type of movement can plants show
they can move individual parts at different parts in response to stimuli
what are the 3 categories of plant movement
very slow
slow
rapid
is very slow plant growth reversible?
no
is slow plant growth reversible
yes
is rapid plant growth reversible
yes
identify the type of plant movement from very slow movement
tropisms
what are the 2 types of tropism
phototropism
geotropism
what is phototropism
movement and growth in response to light and colours of light
what is the plant hormone that stimulates growth
auxin
where does auxin. accumulate during plant growth
the shaded side
what is positive phototropism
elongated towards the light
what is geotropism
plant movement and growth in response to gravity
what does auxin stimulate in shoot and root growth
shoots grow upwards
roots grown down
identify 2 types of slow plant movement
leaf closure
plant dispersal
what is leaf closure (slow plant movement)
stomatal closure in response to drought conditions in order to conserve water
what is plant dispersal (slow plant movement)
seeds are dispersed as plant moves along
e.g tumbleweed
why may plants show rapid movement
defence
attack
what 4 things is plant movement mechanisms likely to involve
differentiated growth
build up of tension in tissues/cells
ion pumping
osmotic changes
