Infectious Disease

Question 1

identify 2 ways of controlling general infection of a disease

Answer 1

water purification

improved housing

Question 2

identify 2 ways of controlling infection from food

Answer 2

cold storage

food inspection

Question 3

identify how to control disease from zoonoses and arthropod transmitted inefections

Answer 3

vector control

Question 4

identify 2 specific disease treatments/prevention

Answer 4

chemotherapy

vaccines

Question 5

why is infectious disease a big issue now (2)

Answer 5

increase in drug resistance

anti-vaccine movement

Question 6

why did the number of deaths from measles decrease from 1980-2014

Answer 6

MMR vaccine

adverse reactions

Question 7

what is the MMR controversy

Answer 7

Wakefield published in 1998 that children had developed autism after the administration of the MMR vaccine so many people refused to give it to their children

Question 8

how much of the population must be vaccinated for the herd immunity of measles

Answer 8

95%

Question 9

what is herd immunity

Answer 9

the density of resistant hosts in a population required to prevent an endemic

Question 10

what is thought about hunter gatherer diseases

Answer 10

they tended to be non-fatal parasitic infections

Question 11

identify 2 examples of an heirloom disease

Answer 11

hookworm

leprosy

Question 12

how are souvenir diseases transmitted

Answer 12

from close association with other animals

Question 13

when did infectious disease (especially heirloom disease) spread more easily

Answer 13

when human began farming

Question 14

Describe the lifecycle of plague

Answer 14

bacterium ingested when flea takes blood meal
multiples in gut
transmitted when it takes another blood meal

Question 15

identify 3 ways plague can be transmitted

Answer 15

bitten by flea
contact with infected human
direct contact with rats and other mammals

Question 16

what was the main way new diseases were introduced to areas

Answer 16

movement of people and animals in war

Question 17

what was an important disease in war times

Answer 17

typhus

Question 18

what reduced the spread of typhus in war times

Answer 18

improved hygiene
insecticides
DDT

Question 19

what disease began to infect people in the 1980s in. the USA

Answer 19

HIV/Aids

Question 20

identify 3 emerging infectious diseases

Answer 20

toxic shock syndrome
lyme disease
MRSA

Question 21

what is considered the next global pandemic

Answer 21

flu

Question 22

when was the Spanish flu pandemic

Answer 22

1918-1920

Question 23

what is the Spanish flu pandemic supposed to have been derived from

Answer 23

H1N1 swine

Question 24

what type of flu doesn’t readily pass the humans

Answer 24

avian (bird)

Question 25

what are the 4 roles off the immune system

Answer 25

physical barrier recognition effector functions regulation

Question 26

what are the 2 types of immunity

Answer 26

innate | adaptive

Question 27

what does genetic recombination in lymphocytes result in

Answer 27

a diverse suite of antibodies

Question 28

what is the immune system based on

Answer 28

recognition of self and non-self molecules

Question 29

what does innate immunity target

Answer 29

diverse pathogens

Question 30

what does adaptive immunity target

Answer 30

diverse pathogens

Question 31

can innate immunity distinct guise self from non-self

Answer 31

yes

Question 32

can adaptive immunity distinguish self from non-self

Answer 32

yes, but not always

Question 33

does innate immunity show specificity

Answer 33

no

Question 34

does adaptive immunity show specificity

Answer 34

yes

Question 35

does the innate immune system show memory

Answer 35

no

Question 36

does adaptive immunity show memory

Answer 36

yes

Question 37

where is innate immunity found (organisms)

Answer 37

all organisms

Question 38

where is adaptive immunity found (organisms)

Answer 38

vertebrates

Question 39

identify 2 inappropriate immune responses

Answer 39

rheumatoid atrhiritus | lupus

Question 40

where are the main areas of the body where the immune system exists

Answer 40

thymus | bone marrow

Question 41

what is innate immunity

Answer 41

non-specific, immediate protection that does not depend on prior exposure to a pathogen (physical barriers)

Question 42

identify 4 physical barriers

Answer 42

skin cilia analogous structures mucus membranes

Question 43

what is the next line of defence after physical barriers

Answer 43

white blood cells

Question 44

what are leukocytes

Answer 44

white blood cells

Question 45

what do stem cells in bone marrow differentiate into

Answer 45

various leukocytes

Question 46

what happens if leukocytes in the innate immune system can't clear out an infection

Answer 46

they communicate with the adaptive immune system

Question 47

what is the role of phagocytes

Answer 47

recognise non-self cells via TLR's on their surface

Question 48

what are TLR's

Answer 48

toll-like receptors

Question 49

what happens when a TLR on the surface of a phagocyte binds to a surface molecule of a non-self cell

Answer 49

the phagocyte will engulf it

Question 50

what happens once a TLR on the surface of a phagocyte has bound to a ligand

Answer 50

a signal is sent to the immune system via a cytokine and a part of the non-self cell is sent to T cells

Question 51

what sends part of a non-self cell to T cells

Answer 51

histocompatibility complex

Question 52

what is released by dendrite cells

Answer 52

cytokines

Question 53

what do T cells form

Answer 53

part of the memory of the adaptive immune system

Question 54

what can T cells do once stimulated

Answer 54

activate B cells

Question 55

what does the adaptive immune system have that allows for a strong response on reinfection

Answer 55

memory

Question 56

what can T cells help fight

Answer 56

cancer bacteria viruses

Question 57

where do T cells arise

Answer 57

thymus

Question 58

what is long term memory provided by

Answer 58

B cells

Question 59

where are B cells stored

Answer 59

bone marrow

Question 60

what do B cells that have gone through recombination exhibit

Answer 60

antibodies specific to particular antigens

Question 61

describe the 3 step process of recombination

Answer 61

population of B cells express a diversity of cell surface antibodies selection differentiation

Question 62

where do antibodies occur

Answer 62

the surface of B cells and free in the circulatory system

Question 63

what do antibodies bind to

Answer 63

antigens

Question 64

how many classes of naturally occurring antigens exist in mammals

Answer 64

5