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Frontiers in Biological Science > Infectious Disease > Flashcards

Infectious Disease Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

identify 2 ways of controlling general infection of a disease

A

water purification

improved housing

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2
Q

identify 2 ways of controlling infection from food

A

cold storage

food inspection

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3
Q

identify how to control disease from zoonoses and arthropod transmitted inefections

A

vector control

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4
Q

identify 2 specific disease treatments/prevention

A

chemotherapy

vaccines

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5
Q

why is infectious disease a big issue now (2)

A

increase in drug resistance

anti-vaccine movement

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6
Q

why did the number of deaths from measles decrease from 1980-2014

A

MMR vaccine

adverse reactions

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7
Q

what is the MMR controversy

A

Wakefield published in 1998 that children had developed autism after the administration of the MMR vaccine so many people refused to give it to their children

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8
Q

how much of the population must be vaccinated for the herd immunity of measles

A

95%

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9
Q

what is herd immunity

A

the density of resistant hosts in a population required to prevent an endemic

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10
Q

what is thought about hunter gatherer diseases

A

they tended to be non-fatal parasitic infections

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11
Q

identify 2 examples of an heirloom disease

A

hookworm

leprosy

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12
Q

how are souvenir diseases transmitted

A

from close association with other animals

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13
Q

when did infectious disease (especially heirloom disease) spread more easily

A

when human began farming

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14
Q

Describe the lifecycle of plague

A

bacterium ingested when flea takes blood meal
multiples in gut
transmitted when it takes another blood meal

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15
Q

identify 3 ways plague can be transmitted

A

bitten by flea
contact with infected human
direct contact with rats and other mammals

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16
Q

what was the main way new diseases were introduced to areas

A

movement of people and animals in war

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17
Q

what was an important disease in war times

A

typhus

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18
Q

what reduced the spread of typhus in war times

A

improved hygiene
insecticides
DDT

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19
Q

what disease began to infect people in the 1980s in. the USA

A

HIV/Aids

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20
Q

identify 3 emerging infectious diseases

A

toxic shock syndrome
lyme disease
MRSA

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21
Q

what is considered the next global pandemic

A

flu

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22
Q

when was the Spanish flu pandemic

A

1918-1920

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23
Q

what is the Spanish flu pandemic supposed to have been derived from

A

H1N1 swine

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24
Q

what type of flu doesn’t readily pass the humans

A

avian (bird)

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25
Q

what are the 4 roles off the immune system

A

physical barrier
recognition
effector functions
regulation

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26
Q

what are the 2 types of immunity

A

innate

adaptive

27
Q

what does genetic recombination in lymphocytes result in

A

a diverse suite of antibodies

28
Q

what is the immune system based on

A

recognition of self and non-self molecules

29
Q

what does innate immunity target

A

diverse pathogens

30
Q

what does adaptive immunity target

A

diverse pathogens

31
Q

can innate immunity distinct guise self from non-self

A

yes

32
Q

can adaptive immunity distinguish self from non-self

A

yes, but not always

33
Q

does innate immunity show specificity

A

no

34
Q

does adaptive immunity show specificity

A

yes

35
Q

does the innate immune system show memory

A

no

36
Q

does adaptive immunity show memory

A

yes

37
Q

where is innate immunity found (organisms)

A

all organisms

38
Q

where is adaptive immunity found (organisms)

A

vertebrates

39
Q

identify 2 inappropriate immune responses

A

rheumatoid atrhiritus

lupus

40
Q

where are the main areas of the body where the immune system exists

A

thymus

bone marrow

41
Q

what is innate immunity

A

non-specific, immediate protection that does not depend on prior exposure to a pathogen (physical barriers)

42
Q

identify 4 physical barriers

A

skin
cilia
analogous structures
mucus membranes

43
Q

what is the next line of defence after physical barriers

A

white blood cells

44
Q

what are leukocytes

A

white blood cells

45
Q

what do stem cells in bone marrow differentiate into

A

various leukocytes

46
Q

what happens if leukocytes in the innate immune system can’t clear out an infection

A

they communicate with the adaptive immune system

47
Q

what is the role of phagocytes

A

recognise non-self cells via TLR’s on their surface

48
Q

what are TLR’s

A

toll-like receptors

49
Q

what happens when a TLR on the surface of a phagocyte binds to a surface molecule of a non-self cell

A

the phagocyte will engulf it

50
Q

what happens once a TLR on the surface of a phagocyte has bound to a ligand

A

a signal is sent to the immune system via a cytokine and a part of the non-self cell is sent to T cells

51
Q

what sends part of a non-self cell to T cells

A

histocompatibility complex

52
Q

what is released by dendrite cells

A

cytokines

53
Q

what do T cells form

A

part of the memory of the adaptive immune system

54
Q

what can T cells do once stimulated

A

activate B cells

55
Q

what does the adaptive immune system have that allows for a strong response on reinfection

A

memory

56
Q

what can T cells help fight

A

cancer
bacteria
viruses

57
Q

where do T cells arise

A

thymus

58
Q

what is long term memory provided by

A

B cells

59
Q

where are B cells stored

A

bone marrow

60
Q

what do B cells that have gone through recombination exhibit

A

antibodies specific to particular antigens

61
Q

describe the 3 step process of recombination

A

population of B cells express a diversity of cell surface antibodies

selection

differentiation

62
Q

where do antibodies occur

A

the surface of B cells and free in the circulatory system

63
Q

what do antibodies bind to

A

antigens

64
Q

how many classes of naturally occurring antigens exist in mammals

A

5

Frontiers in Biological Science (9 decks)

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