Adaptions Flashcards
what are the 2 types of tundra
polar
alpine
what is the characteristic temperature in tundra biomes in July
10 degrees
when can freezing occur in tundra biomes
in any months
identify 4 features of tundra soil
shallow
nutrient poor
base-rich flushes
unable scree or gravel
what is solifluction
freeze-thaw movement and segregation of soil material
what 3 things do plants have adaptions in in tundra biomes
temperature control
free injury avoidance
reproductive strategy
what is temperature control
ways of elevating tissue temperature
what are the 3 temperature control strategies
morphological adaptations
facilitative adaption
heliotropic responses
name 3 things cushion and rosette forms of plants are characteristically
low
compact
smooth surfaces
what are morphological adaptions important to
energy budgets
what are low rates of connective tissue loss important for in tundra plants
tissue warming
describe the boundary layer for smooth surfaces
low
what can low connective heat loss lead to
rises in leaf temperature
what are facilitative adaptions
plant grown associations
what is facilitated by the meristems being insulated.
by adjacent plants
growth rates that are much higher than would be expected at ambient air temperatures
what are heliotropic responses
sun tracking movements
what can heliotropic responses maximise
absorption of short wave radiation
what 2 effects does heliotropic responses have
attracts insects
warms ovaries
what can tundra plants accumulate that helps freeze injury avoidance
solutes that act as anti-freeze by depressing the freezing point of cell sap
other than accumulation of solutes, what other 2 responses can tundra plants have to avoid freeze injury
grown in areas that have winter snow cover to provide insulation
have apical meristems below ground to avoid frost
what are 2 problems in tundra environment that impact reproduction
late snow lie, short growing season
low temperature
why does late snow lie and a short growing season impact plant reproduction
time to grow, flower and be pollinated in shortened
why does low temperate impact plant reproduction
low pollinator activity
what are the 2 reproductive strategies in tundra plants
pollen risk strategy
seed risk strategy
what is the pollen risk strategy
early flowering plants make pollen, unsure if it will be used
what is seed risk strategy
late flowering species carry out safe pollination, but the seed may not have time to mature before the next snow
describe vegetative reproduction in tundra plants
stolons produce platelets which are supported by the parent plant
what is still important for genetic diversity in tundra plants
sexual reproduction
identify 4 characteristics of tundra plant reproductive strategies
vegetative reproduction is important
sexual reproduction also still important
self and wind pollination still occur, but insect is still important
genetic diversity is not lower than elsewhere
how do insects survive tundra environment
reproduce in short summer
withstand winter
what species of insect manages to reproduce 2 or 3 generations in a summer
endemic svalbard aphid
describe the 2 methods insects use to withstand winter
freeze avoidance
freeze tolerance
what 3 things may insects do to avoid freezing in winter
get rid of ice nucleators
synthesise polyps and sugars
synthesise antifreeze proteins
where is the hadal zone in oceans
deeper than 6500m
what species of fish are best adapted to deep oceans
snail fish
what are the dominant species in the hadal zone
anthropods
what can be used to describe biodiversity in the deep ocean
DNA
what can be seen within different individual deep ocean trenches
endemic species
what 2 things can still be found in deep ocean trenches despite being banned
flame retardants
plasticisers
