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Frontiers in Biological Science > Food > Flashcards

Food Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is essential to life

A

the transfer of energy

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2
Q

why do organisms need to acquire energy

A

live
grow
reproduce

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3
Q

what is often associated with energy acquisition

A

change in chemical composition and properties of molecules

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4
Q

what are the 2 types of energy

A

potential

kinetic

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5
Q

what is potential energy

A

stored energy

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6
Q

what is kinetic energy

A

the energy of movement

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7
Q

what are the 2 types of metabolism

A

anabolism

catabolism

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8
Q

what is anabolism

A

the linking of simple molecules to form more complex molecules

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9
Q

does anabolism require energy

A

yes

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10
Q

what is catabolism

A

the breaking down of complex molecules into more simple molecules

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11
Q

does catabolism require energy

A

no it releases it

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12
Q

identify 4 macromolecules we associate with life

A

proteins
carbohydrates
lipids
nucleic acids

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13
Q

how are heterotrophs divided into categories

A

how they obtain food

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14
Q

how many categories of heterotrophs are there

A

7

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15
Q

what are the 7 categories of heterotrophs

A 
saprotrophs
predators
herbivores
carnivores
filter feeders
fluid feeders
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16
Q

what are saprotrophs

A

organisms that feed on decaying organic matter

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17
Q

what are predators

A

an organism that preys on other organisms

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18
Q

what are herbivores

A

organisms that are anatomically and physiologically adapted to feeding on plant material

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19
Q

what are carnivores

A

an animal that feeds on other animals

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20
Q

what are filter feeders

A

feed by straining suspended matter and food particles from water

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21
Q

what are fluid feeders

A

organisms that feed on the fluid of other organisms

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22
Q

what category of heterotrophs have a huge impact on humans

A

fluid feeders

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23
Q

what are detritovores

A

an animal that feeds on dead organic matter, especially plant detritus

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24
Q

how many stages of decomposition are there

A

5

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25
Q

what are the 5 stages of decomposition

A 
fresh
bloat
active
advanced
dry
26
Q

describe the internal anatomy of a ruminant herbivore

A

4 chambered stomach with a large rumen

long small and large intestines

27
Q

describe the internal anatomy of a carnivore

A

short intestine and colon

small cecum

28
Q

when were the earliest hominins around

A

8 mya

29
Q

what does the teeth patterning and enamel of early hominins suggest they ate

A

soft foods such as fruit

30
Q

when were archaic hominins around

A

3-4 mya

31
Q

what was Lucy

A

an archaic hominin found in 1978

32
Q

what does the pelvis of Lucy suggest

A

bipedal walking is possible

33
Q

describe the teeth of omnivores

A

a multipurpose set of teeth

34
Q

describe the teeth of carnivores

A

generally have enlarged canine teeth for gripping, tearing etc.

35
Q

describe the teeth of herbivores

A

use incisors and canine teeth found forward on the lower jaw only for tearing

use large molars and premolars to grind plant matter

36
Q

what was the earliest hominid found with almost the entire cranium and post-cranial material

A

homo erectus

37
Q

what is food

A

a selective pressure

38
Q

what phyla are included in coelenterates

A

cnidaria

ctenophora

39
Q

what are coelenterates

A

gut is a sac-like arrangement with no through guts or anus

40
Q

what are the 2 stages of coelenterates

A

medusa

polyp

41
Q

what do we see with increased specialisation in guts

A

increased complexity

42
Q

what is gut complexity often associated with

A

folding

43
Q

what is the name of the folding in the human gut

A

villi

44
Q

what are ubiquitous throughout the guts and tissues of animals

A

symbionts

45
Q

identify 2 examples of animals that have helpful symbionts

A

termites

blood feeding insects

46
Q

what 2 organisms evolved together to fill a niche based on the conversion of complex plant carbohydrates to energy that is beneficial to both host and symbiont

A

ruminant animals and microbes

47
Q

what is the ruminant diet rich in

A

cellulose

48
Q

what do ruminants not produce and therefore rely on microbes to break down cellulose in their diet

A

cellulase

49
Q

what is produced by ruminant livestock that is critical to global warming

A

methane

50
Q

what happens to the contents of the rumen

A

they are periodically regurgitated into the mouth for re-chewing

51
Q

what is abundant in the rumen and reticulum

A

cellulose-fermenting microorganisms

52
Q

what happens to the mixture of fermented food and microorganisms in foregut fermentation

A

they pass through the omasum where is it concentrated by water absorption

53
Q

what is considered the ‘true’ stomach in foregut fermentation

A

the abomasum

54
Q

what does the abomasum secrete in foregut fermentation in ruminant animals

A

hydrochloric acid

proteases

55
Q

what happens in the abomasum during foregut fermentation

A

the microorganisms are killed by HCL
then digested by the proteases
then passed to the small intestine for further digestion

56
Q

what are methanogens mostly?

A

archaea

57
Q

identify 3 ways we could stop ruminants producing so much methane

A

feed them with feed that reduced hydrogen production
eat less mean and animal products
rumen modifiers

58
Q

what is feeding determined by

A

resolution of hunger vs satiety signals

59
Q

what is leptin

A

a peptide that behaves as a hormone and a cytokine

60
Q

where is leptin primarily produced

A

adipose tissue

61
Q

what does leptin target

A

hypothalamic satiety neuropeptide receptors

Frontiers in Biological Science (9 decks)

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