Food

Question 1

what is essential to life

Answer 1

the transfer of energy

Question 2

why do organisms need to acquire energy

Answer 2

live
grow
reproduce

Question 3

what is often associated with energy acquisition

Answer 3

change in chemical composition and properties of molecules

Question 4

what are the 2 types of energy

Answer 4

potential

kinetic

Question 5

what is potential energy

Answer 5

stored energy

Question 6

what is kinetic energy

Answer 6

the energy of movement

Question 7

what are the 2 types of metabolism

Answer 7

anabolism

catabolism

Question 8

what is anabolism

Answer 8

the linking of simple molecules to form more complex molecules

Question 9

does anabolism require energy

Answer 9

yes

Question 10

what is catabolism

Answer 10

the breaking down of complex molecules into more simple molecules

Question 11

does catabolism require energy

Answer 11

no it releases it

Question 12

identify 4 macromolecules we associate with life

Answer 12

proteins
carbohydrates
lipids
nucleic acids

Question 13

how are heterotrophs divided into categories

Answer 13

how they obtain food

Question 14

how many categories of heterotrophs are there

Answer 14

7

Question 15

what are the 7 categories of heterotrophs

Answer 15

saprotrophs
predators
herbivores
carnivores
filter feeders
fluid feeders

Question 16

what are saprotrophs

Answer 16

organisms that feed on decaying organic matter

Question 17

what are predators

Answer 17

an organism that preys on other organisms

Question 18

what are herbivores

Answer 18

organisms that are anatomically and physiologically adapted to feeding on plant material

Question 19

what are carnivores

Answer 19

an animal that feeds on other animals

Question 20

what are filter feeders

Answer 20

feed by straining suspended matter and food particles from water

Question 21

what are fluid feeders

Answer 21

organisms that feed on the fluid of other organisms

Question 22

what category of heterotrophs have a huge impact on humans

Answer 22

fluid feeders

Question 23

what are detritovores

Answer 23

an animal that feeds on dead organic matter, especially plant detritus

Question 24

how many stages of decomposition are there

Answer 24

5

Question 25

what are the 5 stages of decomposition

Answer 25

``` fresh bloat active advanced dry ```

Question 26

describe the internal anatomy of a ruminant herbivore

Answer 26

4 chambered stomach with a large rumen | long small and large intestines

Question 27

describe the internal anatomy of a carnivore

Answer 27

short intestine and colon | small cecum

Question 28

when were the earliest hominins around

Answer 28

8 mya

Question 29

what does the teeth patterning and enamel of early hominins suggest they ate

Answer 29

soft foods such as fruit

Question 30

when were archaic hominins around

Answer 30

3-4 mya

Question 31

what was Lucy

Answer 31

an archaic hominin found in 1978

Question 32

what does the pelvis of Lucy suggest

Answer 32

bipedal walking is possible

Question 33

describe the teeth of omnivores

Answer 33

a multipurpose set of teeth

Question 34

describe the teeth of carnivores

Answer 34

generally have enlarged canine teeth for gripping, tearing etc.

Question 35

describe the teeth of herbivores

Answer 35

use incisors and canine teeth found forward on the lower jaw only for tearing use large molars and premolars to grind plant matter

Question 36

what was the earliest hominid found with almost the entire cranium and post-cranial material

Answer 36

homo erectus

Question 37

what is food

Answer 37

a selective pressure

Question 38

what phyla are included in coelenterates

Answer 38

cnidaria | ctenophora

Question 39

what are coelenterates

Answer 39

gut is a sac-like arrangement with no through guts or anus

Question 40

what are the 2 stages of coelenterates

Answer 40

medusa | polyp

Question 41

what do we see with increased specialisation in guts

Answer 41

increased complexity

Question 42

what is gut complexity often associated with

Answer 42

folding

Question 43

what is the name of the folding in the human gut

Answer 43

villi

Question 44

what are ubiquitous throughout the guts and tissues of animals

Answer 44

symbionts

Question 45

identify 2 examples of animals that have helpful symbionts

Answer 45

termites | blood feeding insects

Question 46

what 2 organisms evolved together to fill a niche based on the conversion of complex plant carbohydrates to energy that is beneficial to both host and symbiont

Answer 46

ruminant animals and microbes

Question 47

what is the ruminant diet rich in

Answer 47

cellulose

Question 48

what do ruminants not produce and therefore rely on microbes to break down cellulose in their diet

Answer 48

cellulase

Question 49

what is produced by ruminant livestock that is critical to global warming

Answer 49

methane

Question 50

what happens to the contents of the rumen

Answer 50

they are periodically regurgitated into the mouth for re-chewing

Question 51

what is abundant in the rumen and reticulum

Answer 51

cellulose-fermenting microorganisms

Question 52

what happens to the mixture of fermented food and microorganisms in foregut fermentation

Answer 52

they pass through the omasum where is it concentrated by water absorption

Question 53

what is considered the 'true' stomach in foregut fermentation

Answer 53

the abomasum

Question 54

what does the abomasum secrete in foregut fermentation in ruminant animals

Answer 54

hydrochloric acid | proteases

Question 55

what happens in the abomasum during foregut fermentation

Answer 55

the microorganisms are killed by HCL then digested by the proteases then passed to the small intestine for further digestion

Question 56

what are methanogens mostly?

Answer 56

archaea

Question 57

identify 3 ways we could stop ruminants producing so much methane

Answer 57

feed them with feed that reduced hydrogen production eat less mean and animal products rumen modifiers

Question 58

what is feeding determined by

Answer 58

resolution of hunger vs satiety signals

Question 59

what is leptin

Answer 59

a peptide that behaves as a hormone and a cytokine

Question 60

where is leptin primarily produced

Answer 60

adipose tissue

Question 61

what does leptin target

Answer 61

hypothalamic satiety neuropeptide receptors