Ecto- and Endothermy Flashcards
what does pumping O2 into our bodies allow
efficient energy production
what are the 2 ways our bodies produce energy
Aerobic respiration
Anaerobic respiration
which is the more efficient form of respiration
aerobic
as it produces more ATP
what suggests common ancestry
similar embryonic structures
what is recapulation
the repetition of an evolutionary or other process during development or growth
what is Fick’s law of diffusion
the rate of diffusion of a gas between 2 media
what are 3 ways animals optimise partial pressure
minimise path length
ventilation
perfusion
describe blood flow in fish gills
is on the inner surface of the lamellae and is unidirectional
what are afferent blood vessels in fish gills
flow towards them
what are efferent blood vessels in fish gills
flow away from them
what ensures a countercurrent flow of O2 in fish to maximise the PO2 gradient
afferent and efferent blood vessels
what can effect physiology of terrestrial animals
boyle’s law
what is boyle’s law
the pressure of gas decreases as the volume increases
how can animals maximise the diffusion coefficient
by using air rather than water for diffusion whenever possible
what did some theropod dinosaurs seem to have
lungs like modern birds that are much more efficient than mammalian lungs
what can birds sustain better than mammals
higher activities for longer
higher altitudes
how does air flow in bird lungs
unidirectionally
what has driven speciation for millions of years
oxygen availability
what processes are temperature sensitive
physiological
what happens to the body temperature of endotherms when environmental temperature increases
remains constant
what happens to the body temperature of ectotherms when environmental temperature increases
increases to equilibrate
in colder environments, what happens to metabolic heat production in endotherms
increases
in colder environments, what happens to metabolic heat production in ectotherms
falls
compare the surface area in big and small animals
big animals have a relatively smaller surface area than small animals
identify 3 benefits of ecotothermy
low energy uptake and expenditure
require less food
require less water
what does heat exchange with the environment in ectotherms relate to
body surface area
due to a low energy uptake and expenditure, what can ectotherms put more energy into
reproduction
what is the max O2 consumption in ectotherms
10 times their resting rate
identify 4 mammalian characteristics
raised body with vertical legs
advanced parental care
endothermic
lower jaw is a single bone
what do nasal respiratory bones indicate
endothermy
what do nasal respiratory bones counteract
effects of high ventilation rates
what is seen in the surface area of lungs from amphibians up to mammals
it becomes proportionately greater
what must endotherms obtain, even at rest
plenty of oxygen
what do amphibians and reptiles generally lack
a diaphragm
what can ectotherms tolerate
a wide range of temperatures
what are ectotherms handicapped by at high temperatures
haemoglobins decreased affinity for O2
identify 2 costs of endothermy
high energy intake and expenditure
require large aspects of food and water
identify a benefit of endothermy
can sustain longer periods of intense activity
how is cooling achieved
conduction, convection and radiation of heat from the body
how is heat primarily transferred from the bodies core to surface
circulation
what regulates the rate of heat loss
blood flow to surface blood vessels
what is the most effective form of heat loss
evaporation
what is convection (heat)
movement of blood around the body
what is radiation (heat)
loss of heat, near the surface
what do large endotherms have an advantage of in hot, dry climates
relatively low surface area
what can endothermic animals maintain in comparison to ectothermic animals
a higher metabolic rate and therefore higher stamina
