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Frontiers in Biological Science > Ecto- and Endothermy > Flashcards

Ecto- and Endothermy Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what does pumping O2 into our bodies allow

A

efficient energy production

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2
Q

what are the 2 ways our bodies produce energy

A

Aerobic respiration

Anaerobic respiration

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3
Q

which is the more efficient form of respiration

A

aerobic

as it produces more ATP

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4
Q

what suggests common ancestry

A

similar embryonic structures

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5
Q

what is recapulation

A

the repetition of an evolutionary or other process during development or growth

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6
Q

what is Fick’s law of diffusion

A

the rate of diffusion of a gas between 2 media

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7
Q

what are 3 ways animals optimise partial pressure

A

minimise path length
ventilation
perfusion

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8
Q

describe blood flow in fish gills

A

is on the inner surface of the lamellae and is unidirectional

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9
Q

what are afferent blood vessels in fish gills

A

flow towards them

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10
Q

what are efferent blood vessels in fish gills

A

flow away from them

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11
Q

what ensures a countercurrent flow of O2 in fish to maximise the PO2 gradient

A

afferent and efferent blood vessels

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12
Q

what can effect physiology of terrestrial animals

A

boyle’s law

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13
Q

what is boyle’s law

A

the pressure of gas decreases as the volume increases

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14
Q

how can animals maximise the diffusion coefficient

A

by using air rather than water for diffusion whenever possible

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15
Q

what did some theropod dinosaurs seem to have

A

lungs like modern birds that are much more efficient than mammalian lungs

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16
Q

what can birds sustain better than mammals

A

higher activities for longer

higher altitudes

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17
Q

how does air flow in bird lungs

A

unidirectionally

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18
Q

what has driven speciation for millions of years

A

oxygen availability

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19
Q

what processes are temperature sensitive

A

physiological

20
Q

what happens to the body temperature of endotherms when environmental temperature increases

A

remains constant

21
Q

what happens to the body temperature of ectotherms when environmental temperature increases

A

increases to equilibrate

22
Q

in colder environments, what happens to metabolic heat production in endotherms

A

increases

23
Q

in colder environments, what happens to metabolic heat production in ectotherms

A

falls

24
Q

compare the surface area in big and small animals

A

big animals have a relatively smaller surface area than small animals

25
Q

identify 3 benefits of ecotothermy

A

low energy uptake and expenditure
require less food
require less water

26
Q

what does heat exchange with the environment in ectotherms relate to

A

body surface area

27
Q

due to a low energy uptake and expenditure, what can ectotherms put more energy into

A

reproduction

28
Q

what is the max O2 consumption in ectotherms

A

10 times their resting rate

29
Q

identify 4 mammalian characteristics

A

raised body with vertical legs
advanced parental care
endothermic
lower jaw is a single bone

30
Q

what do nasal respiratory bones indicate

A

endothermy

31
Q

what do nasal respiratory bones counteract

A

effects of high ventilation rates

32
Q

what is seen in the surface area of lungs from amphibians up to mammals

A

it becomes proportionately greater

33
Q

what must endotherms obtain, even at rest

A

plenty of oxygen

34
Q

what do amphibians and reptiles generally lack

A

a diaphragm

35
Q

what can ectotherms tolerate

A

a wide range of temperatures

36
Q

what are ectotherms handicapped by at high temperatures

A

haemoglobins decreased affinity for O2

37
Q

identify 2 costs of endothermy

A

high energy intake and expenditure

require large aspects of food and water

38
Q

identify a benefit of endothermy

A

can sustain longer periods of intense activity

39
Q

how is cooling achieved

A

conduction, convection and radiation of heat from the body

40
Q

how is heat primarily transferred from the bodies core to surface

A

circulation

41
Q

what regulates the rate of heat loss

A

blood flow to surface blood vessels

42
Q

what is the most effective form of heat loss

A

evaporation

43
Q

what is convection (heat)

A

movement of blood around the body

44
Q

what is radiation (heat)

A

loss of heat, near the surface

45
Q

what do large endotherms have an advantage of in hot, dry climates

A

relatively low surface area

46
Q

what can endothermic animals maintain in comparison to ectothermic animals

A

a higher metabolic rate and therefore higher stamina

Frontiers in Biological Science (9 decks)

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