Movement Flashcards
What are involuntary movements?
Automatic
e.g. flexion
Withdrawal reflex
What are voluntary movements?
Conscious control
e.g. visually guided
reaching movement
What does skilled movement involve?
Motor learning and memory
What is declarative memory?
Factual information
Life events
Available to consciousness
Easily formed/forgotten
What is non-declarative memory?
E.g. Procedural memory
Motor skills
Not available to consciousness
Less easily formed/forgotten
What are the ballistic movements?
Pre-programmed
Movements largely based on a set of pre-programmed instructions called ballistic movements
How fast and accurate are ballistic movements?
Rapid but at expense of accuracy- little opportunity for compensation for unexpected changes e.g. striking a cricket ball, returning a tennis serve
What is the pursuit of visual feedback movements?
Motor command continually updated according to sensory feedback (e.g. visual)
How fast and accurate is the pursuit of visual feedback movements?
Highly accurate (can be modified while in progress) but slow e.g. visual tracking
What does the pursuit of visual feedback movements involve?
Mixture of both feedback and ballistic strategies
Where can evidence for the SMA (supplementary motor area) be found?
Activity in the SMA, M1, S1 during finger movement task
Only when the movement is mentally rehearsed
What is sensory information crucial for?
Co-ordinated movement
What is proprioception?
Feedback from peripheral sensory receptors on the positions and movements of limbs- somatic sensory cortex
What is vision?
eyes, visual system and visual cortex
What the vestibular system?
Feedback from organs of balance subcortical
What is the prefrontal cortex?
Decision to make movement
What is the supplementary motor are and premotor area?
Planning of movements (imaging studies and movement rehearsal)
What is the primary motor cortex?
Distorted motor map
Main source of ouput signals producing muscle contraction
What is the sensory cortex?
Somatic sensory and visual cortex feedback information on the positions of limbs in relation to environment
What is decussation of pathways?
Pathways providing connections between primary sensory and motor areas and the periphery are crossed
What do the functions lost in a stroke depend on?
Dependent on the extent of the haemorrhage
What is a stroke?
Paralysiss and loss of sensation will be contralateral to the side of the haemorrhage
What are the basal ganglia and cerebellum?
Main non-cortical brain structures involved in the control of movement
Where does input usually go for the basal ganglia?
Prefrontal cortex- intended movement
