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Physiology and Neuroscience > Brainstem > Flashcards

Brainstem Flashcards

1
Q

what does the brainstem connect?

A

forebrain and spinal cord

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2
Q

what are the neurones in the brainstem involved in?

A

in cardiovascular and respiratory control

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3
Q

what is important in the brainstem?

A

the cranial nerves coming out of it

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4
Q

what is the fourth ventricle?

A

where the spinal fluid is made and maintains the neural tissue alive

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5
Q

what are the brain structures derived from?

A

from 3 primary vesicles of the early neural tube early in development

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6
Q

when do the rostral and caudal ends of the neural tube close

A

days 21-24

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7
Q

what is differentiation?

A

developmental process by which structures become more complex and specialised

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8
Q

what does the midbrain differentiates into?

A

tectum and tegmentum

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9
Q

what does the rostral hindbrain differentiates into?

A

cerebellum and pons

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10
Q

what does the caudal hindbrain differentiates into?

A

medulla

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11
Q

what information does the axons in the midbrain carry?

A

information from forebrain to spinal cord and vice versa

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12
Q

in what functions are the neurones in the midbrain involved?

A
  1. superior colliculus
  2. inferior colliculus
  3. cell groups involved in voluntary movements
  4. periaqueductal gray
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13
Q

what is superior colliculus?

A

receives input from eye, controls eye movements

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14
Q

what is the inferior colliculus?

A

receives input from ear, relays auditory information to thalamus

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15
Q

what group of cells are involved in voluntary movements?

A

substantia nigra and red nucleus

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16
Q

what is periaqueductal grey?

A

important in control of somatic pain sensations

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17
Q

what axons does the pons contain?

A

axons carrying information from forebrain to spinal cord and vice versa

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18
Q

what does the pons relay?

A

relays information from cerebral cortex to cerebellum

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19
Q

why does the pons bulge out from ventral surface?

A

to accommodate circuitry

20
Q

what are the neurones in the pons involved in?

A
  1. reticular formation - sleep and wakefulness, body posture

2. pontine nuclei - relays info to cerebellum for motor control

21
Q

where do axons that do not terminate in pons enter?

A

medullary pyramids

22
Q

what are medullary pyramids?

A

corticospinal tract fibres involved in voluntary movements

23
Q

what does the medulla receive?

A

sensory information: auditory, touch taste

24
Q

what does the medulla relay?

A

relays touch and taste information to thalamus

25
Q

what roles does the medulla have?

A

respiratory control, cardiovascular control and temperature control

26
Q

what does the inferior olive do?

A

motor control

27
Q

what does it mean that some cranial nerves are sensory?

A

they carry information from the environment to the nervous system
e.g. olfactory (sensation of smell); optic (sensation of vision)

28
Q

what does it mean that some cranial nerves are motor?

A

they carry information out of the CNS, control the body

e.g. eye movements

29
Q

what do cranial nerves that are sensory and motor control?

A

parasympathetic control of heart, lungs and abdominal organs; throat and neck movements, tongue movements

30
Q

How many cranial nerves are there?

A

12

31
Q

what are nuclei?

A

clusters of neurones

32
Q

how does the brainstem have the cardiovascular control?

A

brainstem receives sensory information form heart

brainstem sends information to heart to regulate heart rate and blood pressure

33
Q

what is the brainstem’s respiratory control?

A

brainstem receives sensory information from lung and chest wall
brainstem receives information on blood pH
brainstem sends information to respiratory muscles to control breathing

34
Q

what surrounds the brainstem?

A

major blood vessels that supply it

35
Q

what is brainstem death?

A

when a person no longer has any activity in their brainstem - permanent loss of consciousness and the capacity to breathe

36
Q

is it possible to keep someone alive after brainstem death?

A

yes - by keeping the person on ventilator which allows body and heart to be artificially oxygenated

37
Q

is brainstem death permanent?

A

yes

38
Q

why does brainstem death occur?

A

when blood and/or oxygen supply to the brain is stopped: cardiac arrest; heart attack; blood clot; head injury; brain tumour

39
Q

how is brainstem confirmed?

A

if the patient fails to respond all of the clinical tests

40
Q

why can limbs and upper torso move after brain stem death is diagnosed?

A

these movements are spinal reflexes generated by spinal cord

41
Q

what is online’s curse?

A

patients suffer form respiratory arrest during sleep

  • can volitionally control breathing
  • do not have automatic control breathing
42
Q

how is online’s curse acquired?

A

congenital or after injury or trauma to the brainstem

43
Q

what is locked in syndrome?

A

patients have no voluntary motor control apart from the ability to perform eye movements

44
Q

what causes the locked in syndrome?

A

a result of bilateral lesion in the ventral pons damaging the corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts

45
Q

what indicates that the limbic system is intact in locked in syndrome?

A

emotions (crying, anxiety and laughing) modulate resting breathing pattern- limbic system is separate form volitional control

46
Q

what is the brainstem consisted of?

A

midbrain, pons and medulla

47
Q

what is the name given to the cluster of brainstem neurones that control regular breathing patterns?

A

Prebötzinger complex

Physiology and Neuroscience (40 decks)

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