Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology and Neuroscience > Class Test 2 > Flashcards

Class Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Why is intrinsic factor needed in the body?

A

Absorption of vitamin B12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does damage to stomach mucosa cause?

A

Ulceration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 3 phases of gastric secretion

A

Cephalic
Gastric
Intestinal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Examples of gastric gland cells

A

Parietal
Chief
Mucosal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What mechanisms regulate gastric secretion

A

Neural and hormonal mechanisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is stomach mucosa composed of?

A

Simple columnar epithelium

Gastric pits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What type of events regulate gastric secretion

A

Stimulatory and inhibitory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the hormonal element in the intestinal phase

A

CCK and secretin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is gastrin released by?

A

G cells of gastric glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does gastric lipase split?

A

Short-chain triglycerides into fatty acids and monoglycerides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What do hepatocytes produce?

A

Bile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How much bile is produced a day?

A

800-1000ml

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How are gallstones formed?

A

If bile contains insufficient salt or excessive cholesterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What causes release of pancreatic juice

A

Vagal stimulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is trypsinogen activated by?

A

Brush border enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does CCK induce

A

Enzyme rich pancreatic juice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What causes weak contractions of gallbladder?

A

During cephalic and gastric phases

Vagal nerve stimulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does pancreatic juice contain?

A

Electrolytes

Enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What form are proteases secreted in?

A

Inactive and activated in duodenum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Pancreas exocrine functions

A

Acini secrete pancreatic juice

Zymogen contain digestive enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Bile functions?

A

Lipid assimilation
Elimination
Provide optimum pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the portal triad?

A

Portal vein
Hepatic artery
Bile duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does secretin release?

A

HCO3 rich pancreatic juice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What causes the release of CCK and secretin?

A

Chyme into duodenum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What does trypsin cause the release of?

A

Procarboxypeptidase and chymotrypsinogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What two ways can steroid hormones be released?

A

Free binding proteins

Bound steroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What factors determine blood concentration of hormones

A

Rate of secretion

Rate of inactivation and excretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are steroid hormones based

A

Cholesterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the steps of hormone synthesis

A

Synthesis
Packaging
Storage
Secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What does receptor down-regulation reduce?

A

Target cell’s responsiveness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Where is the pituitary gland?

A

Below the thalamus

Lies in hypophyseal fossa of the sella turcica of sphenoid bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Six major anterior pituitary hormones?

A 
GH
TSH
ACTH
FSH
LH
Prolactin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Six hypothalamic releasing factors?

A 
GnRH
GHRH
SST
TRH
CRH
Dopamine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Two additional hypothalamic hormones of the posterior pituitary?

A

ADH

Oxytocin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is GnRH for?

A

Stimulates LH and FSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is FSH and LH for in male reproduction system?

A

FSH -> Sertoli cells -> sperm

LH -> Leydig cells -> testosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What’s SST (somatostatin) for?

A

Inhibits release GH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is the luteal phase?

A

Granulosa cells + thecal cells= progesterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the follicular phase?

A

Thecal cells-> androgens-> granulosa cells

40
Q

What is GH (somatotropin) for?

A

Insulin like growth factor and metabolic effects

41
Q

Difference between osteoclasts and osteoblasts

A

Osteoblasts- creating bone

Osteoclasts- breaking bone

42
Q

What is the parathyroid hormone?

A

84 a.a peptide produced by chief cells

43
Q

What do C cells produce?

A

Calcitonin (CT)

44
Q

What does increased lusitropic effect lead to

A

Shorter diastolic relaxation time

45
Q

What are the steps of T3 and T4 synthesis and secretion

A 
Iodide trapping
Synthesis of thyroglobulin 
Oxidation of iodide 
Iodisation of tyrosine 
Coupling of T1 and T2 
Pinocytosis and digestion of colloid
Secretion of thyroid hormones
Transport in blood
46
Q

Steps of calcitonin production

A

Increased plasma Ca2+
Calcitonin production increased
Decreased osteoclastic activity

47
Q

Steps in parathyroid hormone

A

Fall in Ca2+
Parathyroid hormone production increased
PRH increased osteoclastic activity

48
Q

What happens with increased chronotropic action?

A

Greater speed

49
Q

What happens with increased inotropic action?

A

Greater force of contraction

50
Q

How do liver and dietary lipoproteins enter adipocytes?

A

Through lipoprotein lipase action

51
Q

What does the anterior pituitary hormone increase concentration of?

A

Glucose and fatty acids

52
Q

What’s insulin and glucagons role in the post-absorptive state?

A

Storage of nutrients

Maintenance of plasma nutrient concentrations

53
Q

What are the physiological aspects of calorie buffering?

A

Short term osmotically active

Long term osmotically inert

54
Q

What does the action of cortisol on plasma nutrients permit?

A

Rise in plasma glucose and fatty acids

Peripheral insulin antagonist

55
Q

What do the 4 cell types in the pancreas secrete

A

Alpha- glucagon
Beta- insulin
Delta- somatostatin
F cells- pancreatic polypeptide

56
Q

What does increased ventilation cause?

A

Increased alveolar PO2 (partial pressure), therefore oxygen consumption rises

57
Q

What is VO2?

A

Measure of maximum volume of oxygen that an athlete can use

58
Q

Why does HR take longer to recover after heavy exercise and faster lighter exercise?

A

Metabolic recovery takes longer
Repayment of O2 debt
HR remains higher for longer to get ride of lactate build up

59
Q

What’s mean arterial BP?

A

Diastolic BP + 1/3 pulse pressure

60
Q

What does compliance mean?

A

Measure of the change in volume for a given change in pressure

61
Q

What else is found when measuring the oxygen consumption

A

Total energy output during exercise

62
Q

What does the pressure of the arterial system depend on?

A

Stroke volume

Arterial compliance

63
Q

How is pressure in arteries maintained when the ventricle relaxes?

A

Elastic recoil

64
Q

What does arterial compliance depend on?

A

Physical properties of wall

Value of mean arterial pressure

65
Q

How do fats converted to fatty acids enter the cell?

A

Protonated

66
Q

What does NKCC1 do?

A

Co-transporter

Powers Cl- entry into cell down sodium ion gradient

67
Q

What is linked to the sodium ion gradient?

A

The time taken for solutes to be absorbed

68
Q

What does hydrostatic pressure do?

A

Aid or prevent fluid absorption

69
Q

What do tight junctions allow?

A

Permeability

70
Q

What does CTFR allow?

A

Cl- out into the lumen

71
Q

Fall in blood pressure in circulation

A 
Renal sympathetic nerve discharge
Reduced renal blood flow and glomerular filtration 
Reduced sodium chloride delivery 
Increased renin release
Increased sodium chloride reabsorption
72
Q

What coverts angiotensinogen from the liver to angiotensin I

A

Plasma renin

73
Q

What was done in Gardener’s experiment?

A

Inflatable catheter inserted into renal artery to stimulate reduced blood pressure
Inject max stimulatory dose of aldosterone

74
Q

Functions of aldosterone?

A

Increase Na+/K+ activity in distal tubule

Increase sodium ion reabsorption

75
Q

Aim of gardeners experiment

A

Maximise sodium reabsorption in distal convoluted tubule

76
Q

What is the function of retention of sodium ion

A

Maintain extra cellular volume

77
Q

Fall in venous blood volume

A 
General sympathetic discharge
Constriction of afferent arteriolar
Reduced renal blood flow
Reduced glomerular filtration
Reduced sodium chloride presented to distal convoluted tubule
Conservation of sodium chloride
78
Q

What does angiotensin I in lungs and kidneys do?

A

Concerts enzyme ACE in lung and renal endothelium

79
Q

Functions of AT1 receptors?

A

Effect on smooth muscle of arteries
Stimulates ADH production
Produced aldosterone

80
Q

What receptors receive decrease in volume of circulating blood

A

Baroreceptors

Angiotensin II

81
Q

ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide) action

A

Reduced blood pressure
Inhibits ADH release
Inhibits renin release
Reduced sodium ion absorption

82
Q

What are modern anatomical methods in neuroscience?

A

Tract-tracing
Immunocytochemistry
In situ hybridisation

83
Q

What does in situ hybridisation detect?

A

mRNA sequences in neurones

84
Q

What can light microscopic features determine?

A

6 layers of human cerebral cortex

85
Q

What is immunocytochemistry?

A

Antibodies are used to detect molecules in CNS

86
Q

What did electrical stimulation show about the brain?

A

Represented by maps

Homunculus

87
Q

What are ribosomes responsible for?

A

Translation

88
Q

How can neurons be classified?

A 
Number of neuritites
Shape
Connections 
Axons
Neurotransmitters
89
Q

How can axons classify neurons?

A

Golgi I- long axons

Golgi II- local axons

90
Q

Functions of various glia

A

Astrocytes- mechanical and metabolic
Oligodendrocytes- make myelin
Microglia- phagocyte

91
Q

Angiotensin I converted to angiotensin II where?

A

Lungs

92
Q

How to calculate alveolar ventilation?

A

VA= VE-VD
VA- alveolar ventilation
VE- pulmonary ventilation
VD- dead space ventilation

If you have tidal volume (VT) and respiratory rate (RR) VA can be calculated

VA= (VT x RR) - (VD x RR)

93
Q

What does thirst arise from?

A

Increased plasma osmolality

Decreased blood volume (renin, angiotensin)

94
Q

Decreased plasma osmolaity

A

Osmolality of blood increases with dehydration

Decreased osmolality= increase urine

95
Q

Increase in ADH

A

Dehydration

96
Q

In severe starvation what is the principle substrate for glucose synthesis?

A

Amino acids

Physiology and Neuroscience (40 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions