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Physiology and Neuroscience > Class Test 2 > Flashcards

Class Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Why is intrinsic factor needed in the body?

A

Absorption of vitamin B12

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2
Q

What does damage to stomach mucosa cause?

A

Ulceration

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3
Q

What are the 3 phases of gastric secretion

A

Cephalic
Gastric
Intestinal

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4
Q

Examples of gastric gland cells

A

Parietal
Chief
Mucosal

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5
Q

What mechanisms regulate gastric secretion

A

Neural and hormonal mechanisms

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6
Q

What is stomach mucosa composed of?

A

Simple columnar epithelium

Gastric pits

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7
Q

What type of events regulate gastric secretion

A

Stimulatory and inhibitory

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8
Q

What is the hormonal element in the intestinal phase

A

CCK and secretin

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9
Q

What is gastrin released by?

A

G cells of gastric glands

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10
Q

What does gastric lipase split?

A

Short-chain triglycerides into fatty acids and monoglycerides

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11
Q

What do hepatocytes produce?

A

Bile

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12
Q

How much bile is produced a day?

A

800-1000ml

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13
Q

How are gallstones formed?

A

If bile contains insufficient salt or excessive cholesterol

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14
Q

What causes release of pancreatic juice

A

Vagal stimulation

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15
Q

What is trypsinogen activated by?

A

Brush border enzymes

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16
Q

What does CCK induce

A

Enzyme rich pancreatic juice

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17
Q

What causes weak contractions of gallbladder?

A

During cephalic and gastric phases

Vagal nerve stimulation

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18
Q

What does pancreatic juice contain?

A

Electrolytes

Enzymes

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19
Q

What form are proteases secreted in?

A

Inactive and activated in duodenum

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20
Q

Pancreas exocrine functions

A

Acini secrete pancreatic juice

Zymogen contain digestive enzymes

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21
Q

Bile functions?

A

Lipid assimilation
Elimination
Provide optimum pH

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22
Q

What is the portal triad?

A

Portal vein
Hepatic artery
Bile duct

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23
Q

What does secretin release?

A

HCO3 rich pancreatic juice

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24
Q

What causes the release of CCK and secretin?

A

Chyme into duodenum

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25
What does trypsin cause the release of?
Procarboxypeptidase and chymotrypsinogen
26
What two ways can steroid hormones be released?
Free binding proteins | Bound steroids
27
What factors determine blood concentration of hormones
Rate of secretion | Rate of inactivation and excretion
28
What are steroid hormones based
Cholesterol
29
What are the steps of hormone synthesis
Synthesis Packaging Storage Secretion
30
What does receptor down-regulation reduce?
Target cell's responsiveness
31
Where is the pituitary gland?
Below the thalamus | Lies in hypophyseal fossa of the sella turcica of sphenoid bone
32
Six major anterior pituitary hormones?
``` GH TSH ACTH FSH LH Prolactin ```
33
Six hypothalamic releasing factors?
``` GnRH GHRH SST TRH CRH Dopamine ```
34
Two additional hypothalamic hormones of the posterior pituitary?
ADH | Oxytocin
35
What is GnRH for?
Stimulates LH and FSH
36
What is FSH and LH for in male reproduction system?
FSH -> Sertoli cells -> sperm | LH -> Leydig cells -> testosterone
37
What's SST (somatostatin) for?
Inhibits release GH
38
What is the luteal phase?
Granulosa cells + thecal cells= progesterone
39
What is the follicular phase?
Thecal cells-> androgens-> granulosa cells
40
What is GH (somatotropin) for?
Insulin like growth factor and metabolic effects
41
Difference between osteoclasts and osteoblasts
Osteoblasts- creating bone | Osteoclasts- breaking bone
42
What is the parathyroid hormone?
84 a.a peptide produced by chief cells
43
What do C cells produce?
Calcitonin (CT)
44
What does increased lusitropic effect lead to
Shorter diastolic relaxation time
45
What are the steps of T3 and T4 synthesis and secretion
``` Iodide trapping Synthesis of thyroglobulin Oxidation of iodide Iodisation of tyrosine Coupling of T1 and T2 Pinocytosis and digestion of colloid Secretion of thyroid hormones Transport in blood ```
46
Steps of calcitonin production
Increased plasma Ca2+ Calcitonin production increased Decreased osteoclastic activity
47
Steps in parathyroid hormone
Fall in Ca2+ Parathyroid hormone production increased PRH increased osteoclastic activity
48
What happens with increased chronotropic action?
Greater speed
49
What happens with increased inotropic action?
Greater force of contraction
50
How do liver and dietary lipoproteins enter adipocytes?
Through lipoprotein lipase action
51
What does the anterior pituitary hormone increase concentration of?
Glucose and fatty acids
52
What's insulin and glucagons role in the post-absorptive state?
Storage of nutrients | Maintenance of plasma nutrient concentrations
53
What are the physiological aspects of calorie buffering?
Short term osmotically active | Long term osmotically inert
54
What does the action of cortisol on plasma nutrients permit?
Rise in plasma glucose and fatty acids | Peripheral insulin antagonist
55
What do the 4 cell types in the pancreas secrete
Alpha- glucagon Beta- insulin Delta- somatostatin F cells- pancreatic polypeptide
56
What does increased ventilation cause?
Increased alveolar PO2 (partial pressure), therefore oxygen consumption rises
57
What is VO2?
Measure of maximum volume of oxygen that an athlete can use
58
Why does HR take longer to recover after heavy exercise and faster lighter exercise?
Metabolic recovery takes longer Repayment of O2 debt HR remains higher for longer to get ride of lactate build up
59
What's mean arterial BP?
Diastolic BP + 1/3 pulse pressure
60
What does compliance mean?
Measure of the change in volume for a given change in pressure
61
What else is found when measuring the oxygen consumption
Total energy output during exercise
62
What does the pressure of the arterial system depend on?
Stroke volume | Arterial compliance
63
How is pressure in arteries maintained when the ventricle relaxes?
Elastic recoil
64
What does arterial compliance depend on?
Physical properties of wall | Value of mean arterial pressure
65
How do fats converted to fatty acids enter the cell?
Protonated
66
What does NKCC1 do?
Co-transporter | Powers Cl- entry into cell down sodium ion gradient
67
What is linked to the sodium ion gradient?
The time taken for solutes to be absorbed
68
What does hydrostatic pressure do?
Aid or prevent fluid absorption
69
What do tight junctions allow?
Permeability
70
What does CTFR allow?
Cl- out into the lumen
71
Fall in blood pressure in circulation
``` Renal sympathetic nerve discharge Reduced renal blood flow and glomerular filtration Reduced sodium chloride delivery Increased renin release Increased sodium chloride reabsorption ```
72
What coverts angiotensinogen from the liver to angiotensin I
Plasma renin
73
What was done in Gardener's experiment?
Inflatable catheter inserted into renal artery to stimulate reduced blood pressure Inject max stimulatory dose of aldosterone
74
Functions of aldosterone?
Increase Na+/K+ activity in distal tubule | Increase sodium ion reabsorption
75
Aim of gardeners experiment
Maximise sodium reabsorption in distal convoluted tubule
76
What is the function of retention of sodium ion
Maintain extra cellular volume
77
Fall in venous blood volume
``` General sympathetic discharge Constriction of afferent arteriolar Reduced renal blood flow Reduced glomerular filtration Reduced sodium chloride presented to distal convoluted tubule Conservation of sodium chloride ```
78
What does angiotensin I in lungs and kidneys do?
Concerts enzyme ACE in lung and renal endothelium
79
Functions of AT1 receptors?
Effect on smooth muscle of arteries Stimulates ADH production Produced aldosterone
80
What receptors receive decrease in volume of circulating blood
Baroreceptors | Angiotensin II
81
ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide) action
Reduced blood pressure Inhibits ADH release Inhibits renin release Reduced sodium ion absorption
82
What are modern anatomical methods in neuroscience?
Tract-tracing Immunocytochemistry In situ hybridisation
83
What does in situ hybridisation detect?
mRNA sequences in neurones
84
What can light microscopic features determine?
6 layers of human cerebral cortex
85
What is immunocytochemistry?
Antibodies are used to detect molecules in CNS
86
What did electrical stimulation show about the brain?
Represented by maps | Homunculus
87
What are ribosomes responsible for?
Translation
88
How can neurons be classified?
``` Number of neuritites Shape Connections Axons Neurotransmitters ```
89
How can axons classify neurons?
Golgi I- long axons | Golgi II- local axons
90
Functions of various glia
Astrocytes- mechanical and metabolic Oligodendrocytes- make myelin Microglia- phagocyte
91
Angiotensin I converted to angiotensin II where?
Lungs
92
How to calculate alveolar ventilation?
VA= VE-VD VA- alveolar ventilation VE- pulmonary ventilation VD- dead space ventilation If you have tidal volume (VT) and respiratory rate (RR) VA can be calculated VA= (VT x RR) - (VD x RR)
93
What does thirst arise from?
Increased plasma osmolality | Decreased blood volume (renin, angiotensin)
94
Decreased plasma osmolaity
Osmolality of blood increases with dehydration | Decreased osmolality= increase urine
95
Increase in ADH
Dehydration
96
In severe starvation what is the principle substrate for glucose synthesis?
Amino acids

Physiology and Neuroscience (40 decks)

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